finals Flashcards
are inseparable since language is closely related to culture
language and culture
are independent because speech is a means of exchanging information which can be used in aspects that are not connected to culture
language and culture
he espoused that our ways of looking at the world depend on the type of language that we use
benjamin lee whorf
is not inborn but rather learned as it is a social product and this helps connect people
culture and its elements
a psychologist that believed that social interactions between and among people are a key element in acquiring knowledge just like how a child watches and learns from adults
lev vygotsky’s theory
for him language and culture are intently interconnected, he believed that every culture has specific dynamics for social transactions
lev vygotsky’s theory
contends that when children are born they gave an embedded basic structure for cognition as well as for language
jean piaget’s theory
he stressed that children create meaning from the verbal and nonverbal cues received from their environment and these meanings change as children learn more because of maturity
jean piaget’s theory
he did not adhere to vygotsky’s idea of emphasizing culture in learning
jean piaget
for him practice is not important as children acquire language through it
noam chomsky
every sound that lives or exist in nature are what this theory suggests the origin of language is
bow wow theory
this theory started from the sounds that our ancestors makes when they instinctively reacted to something those involuntary vocalizations to express their emotions and intentions
pooh pooh theory
this theory suggest an idea that humans made sound symbolism, people back then put a meaning to a unique sound they hear
ding dong theory
this theory proposes the language evolved from the grunts, groan, and snorts evoke by heavy physical labor
yo he ho theory
the romantic side of human life the sole factor that is responsible for the creation of language
la la theory
this theory suggested that language may have developed from sounds associated with love, playfulness, song and even inspired by poetic sensibility
la la theory
in his published book called “syntactic structures” proposed the idea that all human beings may be born with an innate understanding of how language works
genetic mutation of chomsky
based his theory on the idea that all languages contain similar structures and rules (a universal grammar)
genetic mutation by noam chomsky
he claimed that language evolved to allow us to gossip because gossiping for individuals constitutes a social bonding mechanism which helps us form alliances or social relationships with one another to convey social information
vocal grooming by rubin donbar theory
anthropologist dean falk suggests that as early humans lost their fur it became more difficult for mother to carry their babies on their backs as they gathered food and foraged
putting the baby down hypothesis by dean falk
human speech is anchored on the natural sound of human cries, as humans express their feelings and are being understood by others the use of language began
whitney’s origin of language
referring to the use of words which sound like the noise they refer to
onomatopoetic
take the form of words, images, sounds, gestures, acts, or objects but such things have no intrinsic meaning and become signs only which we invest them with meaning
sign.
a sign which is usually an association of general ideas
symbol
an english philosopher regarded semiotics as the key to the evolution of human consciousness, he further espoused that language with signs that are signs and dyadic, meaning a signature is tied to a specific meaning
john locke
for him for one to understand signs, there must be intelligence capable enough to learn from experience
charles sanders peirce
what is represented
sign
how it is represented
meaning
how it is interpreted
interpreter
makes use of the hands, facial expression and other gestures usually used by deaf or the hearing impaired individuals
sign language
used to emphasize specific words
fingerspelling
can help us communicate things through visual, unspoken, and spoken
semiotics
includes humor
puns
figure of speech used for comparing, saying one thing is another thing
metaphors
relationship between texts, if there are hidden meanings or not
intertextualities
similarities or commonalities present in different culture from different regions of different countries
cultural commonalities
eventually published his views on language in descent of man (1871)
charles darwin
the branch of linguistics that analyzes the effects of social and cultural factors
sociolinguistics
a variety of language, spoken in one part of a country, the study of how language changes from time to time, place to place, class to class, and society to society
language variation
a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group
dialect
is a subdivision of language that distinguishes different pronunciation, grammar, spelling, and sounds or vocabulary
dialect
is defined the way a speaker uses language differently based on the given situation, think abt the word choice, tone of voice and even body language
register
specialized language of professional or occupational group and is a faux method of resting sort of dialect that only those people inside the group can understand
jargon
an informal language and usually used to express sometimes unconventional words or phrases to express yourself, some of the words are exaggerated or humorous figures of speech
slang
a grammatically simplifies communication method and is the new language developed in circumstances where speakers of different languages need to communicate but don’t share a common language
pidgin
comes from a simplified version of another language, or the mix of two or more languages. emerge when pidgin is used as the mother tongue and has a native speaker. the pidgin will become creole once there is native holder or the pidgin is passed from generation to generation
creole
people speaking the same language spread over a wide geographical area
regional dialect
people differ according to the social, economic, and educational status, which influence the person’s dialect
social dialect or sociolect
variety of language used by socioeconomic class, profession, an age group, or any other social group
social dialect
the language or languages spoken by each individual at a time
individual dialect or idiolect
more specific than sociolect and is the way in which a particular person uses language as a personal dialect or variety
individual dialect or idiolect
a distinctive form of a language and spoken by a specific ethnic group and is developed from the several words given by different people in an ethnic group
ethnolect
group of people who share the same languages, speech characteristics, practices and way of interpreting communication
speech communities
represent the meaningful participation of language in building a community or society
speech communities
also called as linguistics register and speech register
language register
refers to a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting
language register
he describes the five language registers or style
martin joos 1968
this form is sometimes called the static register because it refers to historic language or communication that is intended to remain unchanged
frozen register
less rigid but still constrained, this register is used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained, slang is never used, and contractions are rare
formal register
a standard form of communications. users engage in a mutually accepted structure of communications
consultative register
it is formal and societal expectations accompany the users of this speech and this describes language used for the purpose of seeking assistance as is suggested by the word consult and also describes the language used between a superior and subordinate
consultative register
this is the register people use when they’re with friends, close acquaintances and co workers and family
casual register
this communications is private, and used to describe language between persons who share a close relationship or bond
intimate register
describes the group listening to the speaker
audience
describes what is being discuss
topic
describes the intentions of each speaker
purpose
describes where an exchange is taking place
location
implies use of a different language as the major means of socializing and communication within a community
language shift
frequently reflects the impact of economic considerations, such as the necessity for employment. this why people might change both their location and language
economic factor
the larger society is exerting pressure, and majority group frequently perceive newcomers as threatening because of the way they appear and sound
social factor
when people are eager to get on in a society where speaking the second language is necessary for success, there is a quick transition that takes place
political factor
there is a tendency yo switch to a new language when a community of speakers moved to an area or a nation where the local tongue is different from their own
demographic factors
when that community is the last in the world to speak that language, the term “__________ ” is used
language death
involves gradually substituting one language with another
gradual death
rapid language loss without a bilingual phase in between
sudden death
a community may decide to stop using its language out of self defense if there is extreme political repression
radical death
a language stops being used for speech but may continue to be utilized in other contexts, such as in folk music or religion
bottom to top death
a method of using words in verbal or written communication that is organized and conventionally used
language
an idealized variety of a language that is considered the dominant or prestige variety within a language and the version of a language that is held up by prescriptive grammarians and language purists as correct
standard dialect
happens when we conduct an intense interaction with someone and the person whom we interact with also conducts as intense interaction with someone we know or friends
dense network
the opposite of dense network, it happens when the person whom we interact with does not interact with other people
loose network
it happens when a group of people interact in a society using more than one way of interaction and basically the combination of dense and loose network
multiplex
this refers to the adoption of words from a source language into their native language
linguistic borrowing
a valuable research methodology used in linguistics studies to understand the intricate relationship between language and culture
ethnography
also known as lexical borrowing is the process by which a word from one language is adapted for use in another
borrowing
