Quiz 9

Question 1

Phineas Gage’s story suggests that there are links between __________ functioning and personality functioning

Answer 1

C. Biological

Question 2

Temperament refers to individual differences in mood or quality of response, differences that are ___________

Answer 2

B. Inherited

Question 3

Contrary to Gall’s phrenology, contemporary researchers believe that complex actions and thought patterns are executed by

Answer 3

B. Several regions of the brain

Question 4

Both Kretschner’s and Sheldon’s theories linking temperament to _________ have been discredited

Answer 4

C. Body shape

Question 5

Research has largely been _________ of Buss and Plomin’s hypothesis that temperament types are inherited and stable

Answer 5

A. Supportive

Question 6

Kagan’s research on the development of temperament suggests that differences in reactivity to ________ stimuli predict whether a child will later become inhibited or uninhibited

Answer 6

C. Novel

Question 7

Schwartz et al. (2003) used an fMRI machine to record the brain activity of adults as they were shown novel vs. familiar faces. The adults have been identified in childhood as having an inhibited temperament showed more functioning in the amygdala than those who had earlier been classified as inhibited. This evidence provides support for both the biological basis of temperament and of its

Answer 7

A. Stability

Question 8

Because evolutionary psychologists try to understand how a given biological mechanism evolved, their theory is said to be one of ___________ causes

Answer 8

D. Ultimate

Question 9

According to evolutionary psychology, certain psychological mechanisms evolved because they helped organisms

Answer 9

C. Both “a” and “b”

A. Reproduce
B. Survive

Question 10

According to evolutionary psychology, psychological mechanisms evolved to solve __________ problems

Answer 10

B. Specific

Question 11

Together, parental investment theory and parenthood probability theory suggest that

Answer 11

D. All of the above

A. A women’s mate value should be determined by her reproductive capacity
B. A man’s mate value should be determined by his capacity to provide resources
C. Men and women should differ in the events that activate jealousy

Question 12

Early and Wood’s (1999) reanalysis of data from a multinational study of men’s and women’s preferences in mates indicated that, in society where there was greater gender equality, sex differences in mate preferences

Answer 12

A. Decreased

Question 13

Contrary to the prediction of evolutionary psychology, DeSteno and colleagues’ research indicated that

Answer 13

A. Both men and women were more distressed by a partners’ sexual infidelity than by their emotional infidelity

Question 14

In evolutionary psychology, the basic units of analysis are domain-________, whereas the units of analysis of five-factor theory are domain-________

Answer 14

B. Specific;general

Question 15

According to the logic underlying twin studies, if __________ influence a given personality characteristic, then MZ twins should be more similar on the given personality characteristic than are DZ twins

Answer 15

B. Genetics

Question 16

A heritability coefficient of 1.00 would indicate that all of the variability in personality is due to _________

Answer 16

C. Genes

Question 17

By and large, molecular genetic paradigms indicate that personality is best explained by

Answer 17

C. Gene environment interactions

Question 18

That individuals growing up in the same household can be so different is best understood with the concept of

Answer 18

C. Nonshared family environments

Question 19

Individual differences in emotional experience has been linked to differences in

Answer 19

C. Both “a” and “b”

A. Hemispheric dominance
B. Left anterior cortical activity

Question 20

According to Clark and Watson’s (2008) model, individual differences in temperament can be summarized in terms of three big superfactors NE (Negative Emotionality), PE (Positive Emotionality), and DvC (Disinhibition versus Constraint). Research indicates that PE is associated with the neurotransmitter _______ and DvC (and possibly PE) is associated with the neurotransmitter

Answer 20

B. Dopamine; Serotonin

Question 21

There is a tendency to think of biological processes as determining personality emotions and behaviors, as if former is cause and the latter is effect. However, recent findings provide much evidence of the __________ of both neural systems and neurotransmitter systems

Answer 21

Plasticity