Quiz 8: Chapter 13 Flashcards
Acquired Immunity
The resistance acquired by a host as a result of previous natural exposure to an infectious agent. May be induced by passive or active immunization.
Active Immunization
Administration of all or part of a microorganism to stimulate active response by the host’s immunological system, resulting in complete protection against a specific disease.
Agent
Causative factor invading a susceptible host through an environment favorable to produce disease, such as a biological or chemical agent.
Common Vehicle
Transportation of the infectious agent from an infected host to a susceptible host via water, food, milk, blood, serum, or plasma.
Communicable Disease
A disease of human or animal origin caused by an infectious agent and resulting from transmission of that agent from an infected person, animal, or inanimate source to a susceptible host. Infectious disease may be communicable or non-communicable (e.g., tetanus is infectious but not communicable).
Communicable Period
The time or times when an infectious agent may be transferred from an infected source directly or indirectly to a new host.
Disease
An indication of a physiological dysfunction or a pathological reaction to an infection.
Elimination
To remove a disease from a large geographic area such as a country or region of the world.
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Diseases in which the incidence has increased in the past 2 decades or has the potential to increase in the near future.
Endemic
A disease/event that is found to be present (occurring) in a population in which there is a persistent (usual) presence with low to moderate disease/event cases.
Environment
All of those factors internal and external to the client that constitute the context in which the client lives and that influence and are influenced by the host and agent-host interactions. The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism.
Epidemic
Occurrence of a disease within an area that is clearly in excess of expected levels (endemic) for a given time period.
Epidemiological Triangle
Interaction among the host, agent, and environment.
Eradication
The irreversible termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious agents worldwide.
Health Care Associated Infection
Infection transmitted during hospitalization or developed within a hospital or other health care setting.
Herd Immunity
Immunity of a group or community.
Horizontal Transmission
Person-to-person spread of infection through one or more of the following routes: direct/indirect contact, common vehicle, airborne, or vector-borne.
Host
A living organism, human or animal, in which an infectious agent can exist under natural conditions.
Incubation Period
Time interval beginning with the invasion of the infectious agent and continuing until the organism multiplies to sufficient numbers to produce a host reaction and clinical symptoms.
Infection
The state produced by the invasion of a host by an infectious agent. Such infection may or may not produce clinical signs.
Infectiousness
A measure of the potential ability of an infected host to transmit the infection to other hosts.
Natural Immunity
Species-determined innate resistance to an infectious agent.
Pandemic
Refers to the epidemic spread of the problem over several countries or continents (such as the SARS outbreak).
Passive Immunization
Immunization by transfer of a specific antibody from an immunized person to one who is not immunized.
Resistance
The ability of the host to withstand infection.
Surveillance
Describes and monitors health events through ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data for the purpose of planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions (adapted from MMWR, 1988).
Universal Precautions
This strategy requires that blood and body fluids from all clients be handled as if infected with a disease or bloodborne pathogens.
Vectors
A non-human organism, often an insect, that either mechanically or biologically plays a role in the transmission of an infectious agent from source to host.
Vertical Transmission
Passing the infection from parent to offspring via sperm, placenta, milk, or contact in the vaginal canal at birth.
