Quiz 8: Chapter 13

Question 1

Acquired Immunity

Answer 1

The resistance acquired by a host as a result of previous natural exposure to an infectious agent. May be induced by passive or active immunization.

Question 2

Active Immunization

Answer 2

Administration of all or part of a microorganism to stimulate active response by the host’s immunological system, resulting in complete protection against a specific disease.

Question 3

Agent

Answer 3

Causative factor invading a susceptible host through an environment favorable to produce disease, such as a biological or chemical agent.

Question 4

Common Vehicle

Answer 4

Transportation of the infectious agent from an infected host to a susceptible host via water, food, milk, blood, serum, or plasma.

Question 5

Communicable Disease

Answer 5

A disease of human or animal origin caused by an infectious agent and resulting from transmission of that agent from an infected person, animal, or inanimate source to a susceptible host. Infectious disease may be communicable or non-communicable (e.g., tetanus is infectious but not communicable).

Question 6

Communicable Period

Answer 6

The time or times when an infectious agent may be transferred from an infected source directly or indirectly to a new host.

Question 7

Disease

Answer 7

An indication of a physiological dysfunction or a pathological reaction to an infection.

Question 8

Elimination

Answer 8

To remove a disease from a large geographic area such as a country or region of the world.

Question 9

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Answer 9

Diseases in which the incidence has increased in the past 2 decades or has the potential to increase in the near future.

Question 10

Endemic

Answer 10

A disease/event that is found to be present (occurring) in a population in which there is a persistent (usual) presence with low to moderate disease/event cases.

Question 11

Environment

Answer 11

All of those factors internal and external to the client that constitute the context in which the client lives and that influence and are influenced by the host and agent-host interactions. The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism.

Question 12

Epidemic

Answer 12

Occurrence of a disease within an area that is clearly in excess of expected levels (endemic) for a given time period.

Question 13

Epidemiological Triangle

Answer 13

Interaction among the host, agent, and environment.

Question 14

Eradication

Answer 14

The irreversible termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious agents worldwide.

Question 15

Health Care Associated Infection

Answer 15

Infection transmitted during hospitalization or developed within a hospital or other health care setting.

Question 16

Herd Immunity

Answer 16

Immunity of a group or community.

Question 17

Horizontal Transmission

Answer 17

Person-to-person spread of infection through one or more of the following routes: direct/indirect contact, common vehicle, airborne, or vector-borne.

Question 18

Host

Answer 18

A living organism, human or animal, in which an infectious agent can exist under natural conditions.

Question 19

Incubation Period

Answer 19

Time interval beginning with the invasion of the infectious agent and continuing until the organism multiplies to sufficient numbers to produce a host reaction and clinical symptoms.

Question 20

Infection

Answer 20

The state produced by the invasion of a host by an infectious agent. Such infection may or may not produce clinical signs.

Question 21

Infectiousness

Answer 21

A measure of the potential ability of an infected host to transmit the infection to other hosts.

Question 22

Natural Immunity

Answer 22

Species-determined innate resistance to an infectious agent.

Question 23

Pandemic

Answer 23

Refers to the epidemic spread of the problem over several countries or continents (such as the SARS outbreak).

Question 24

Passive Immunization

Answer 24

Immunization by transfer of a specific antibody from an immunized person to one who is not immunized.

Question 25

Resistance

Answer 25

The ability of the host to withstand infection.

Question 26

Surveillance

Answer 26

Describes and monitors health events through ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data for the purpose of planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions (adapted from MMWR, 1988).

Question 27

Universal Precautions

Answer 27

This strategy requires that blood and body fluids from all clients be handled as if infected with a disease or bloodborne pathogens.

Question 28

Vectors

Answer 28

A non-human organism, often an insect, that either mechanically or biologically plays a role in the transmission of an infectious agent from source to host.

Question 29

Vertical Transmission

Answer 29

Passing the infection from parent to offspring via sperm, placenta, milk, or contact in the vaginal canal at birth.