Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BICH 410 > Quiz 8 > Flashcards

Quiz 8 Flashcards

1
Q

The smallest sugars are

A

aldoses and ketoses
formula (C x H2O)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

monomers cyclize to form

A

a or B anomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

monosaccharides can be linked to other or to other molecules by

A

glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

monosaccharides, or simple sugars are synthesized from smaller precursors that are derived from

A

CO2 AND H2O by photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

monosaccharides

A

not broken into simpler sugars under mild conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

oligosaccharides

A

oligo “a few” usually 2 to 10 simple sugar residues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers of simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

aldoses and ketoses contain

A

aldehyde and ketone functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

chiral monosaccharides

A
  • aldoses with 3 or more carbon atoms
  • ketoses with 4 or more carbon atoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

D,L designation refers to

A

the configurations of the highest numbered chiral center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

D sugars

A

predominate in nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

steroisomers that are mirror images of each other are

A

enantiomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

diasteromers

A

pairs of isomers that have opposite configurations at one or more chiral centers but are NOT mirror images of each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

epimers

A

two sugars that differ in configuration at only one chiral centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cyclic form of glucose is a

A

pyranose (6-membered ring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cyclic form of fructose is a

A

furganose (5-membered ring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

glucose (an aldose) can cyclize to form

A

a cyclic hemiacetal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fructose (a ketose) can cyclize to form

A

a cyclic hemiketal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when hemiacetals and hemiketals are formed,

A

the carbonyl carbon atom becomes a new asymmetric center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

isomers of monosaccharides that differ only in their configuration about that new asymmetric carbon are called

A

anomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

equilibrium between linear and cyclic forms means

A

anomers interconvert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

“reducing sugars” have

A

free anomeric carbons which fluctuate between circular and linear forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

silica acid on a mucosal cell membrane glycoproteins is the

A

binding site for the flu virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sugar alcohols

A

are formed by mild reduction of sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

deoxy sugars

A

are constituents of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sugar esters

A

phosphate esters like ATP are important for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

amino sugars

A

contain an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

acetals, metals and glycosides

A

basis for oligo- and polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

disaccharides

A

are the simples oligosaccharides : two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

each unit in an oligosaccharide is termed a

A

residue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

each of the disaccharide structures is a

A

mixed acetal
with one hydroxyl provided from one monosaccharide and one hydroxyl from the other monosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

each of these except for sucrose possesses one

A

free anomeric carbon and is thus a reducing sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

sucrose is not

A

a reducing sugar, because it does not have a free anomeric carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

homopolysaccharide

A

a polysaccharide that contains only one kind of monosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

heteropolysaccharide

A

a polysaccharide made up of different monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

starch and glycogen are

A

storage molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

chitin and cellulose

A

are structural molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

starch is a

A

plant storage polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

amylose has

A

a(1->4) links, no branches, one reducing end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the branches in amylopectin are

A

a(1->6), every 12-20 residues, one reducing end

41
Q

iodine fits into the helices to produce a

A

blue color, diagnostic of amylose

42
Q

suspensions of amylose in water adopt a

A

helical conformation

43
Q

iodine can into the

A

hydrophobic middle of the amylose helix to give a blue color that is characteristic and diagnostic for starch

44
Q

glycogen is the

A

glucose storage device in animals

45
Q

glycogen constitutes

A

up to 10% of liver mass and 1-2% of muscle mass

45
Q

glycogen constitutes

A

up to 10% of liver mass and 1-2% of muscle mass

46
Q

a(1->4) backbone, a(1->6)

A

branches every 8-12 residues

47
Q

the composition of structural polysaccharides

A

is similar to storage polysaccharides: glucose units
structural: cellulose consists of B(1->4) linkages

48
Q

amylose(storage) prefers

A

a helical conformation due to its bent a(1->4) linkages

49
Q

cellulose,(structural) with

A

b(1->4) linkages can adopt a fully extended conformation

50
Q

cellulose is a

A

structural polysaccharide
- found in cell walls of nearly all plants

51
Q

giraffes, cattle, deer and camels are ruminant animals that are able to metabolize

A

cellulose, thanks to bacterial cellulase in the rumen, a large first compartment in the stomach of a ruminant

52
Q

chitin is found in the

A

exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects and spiders, and cell walls of fungi
- it is a similar to cellulose but C-2s are N-acetyl

53
Q

cellulose strands are

A

parallel

54
Q

chitin strands can be

A

parallel or antiparallel

55
Q

glycosaminoglycans

A

repeating disaccharides with amino sugars and negative charges

56
Q

glycosaminoglycans are

A

linear chains of repeating disaccharides in which one unit is an amino sugar and one or both is negatively charged

57
Q

heparin, with very high negative charge is a natural

A

anticoagulant

58
Q

hyaluronates are components of the vitreous humor of the eye and of synovial fluid,

A

the lubricant fluid of the body’s joints

59
Q

chondroitin and keratan sulfate are found in

A

tendons, cartilage, and other connective tissue

60
Q

glycosaminoglycans

A

are constituents of proteoglycans

61
Q

proteoglycans

A

large glycosaminoglycan-containing proteins

62
Q

peptidoglycan

A

bacterial cell walls consist of glycan chains cross-linked by peptides

63
Q

glycoproteins

A

the oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to eukaryotic proteins play a role in protein structure and recognition

64
Q

carbohydrates

A

may be N-linked or O-linked

65
Q

O-linked carbohydrates are attracted to

A

side chain hydroxyl groups of usually serine residues on glycoproteins and proteoglycans

66
Q

the difference between proteoglycans and glycoproteins in the type of sugars

A
  • proteoglycans have O-linked glycosaminoglycans
  • glycoproteins have N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides
67
Q

proteoglycans are a subset of glycoproteins whose carbohydrates are mostly, but not always solely

A

glycosaminoglycans

68
Q

they are components of

A

animal cells, membranes, and the glycocalyx

69
Q

they typically consist of

A

proteins with one or two types of glycosaminoglycan

70
Q

cell surface and extracellular matrix [ECM] proteins

A

with covalently attached sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains

71
Q

proteoglycan production and shedding is

A

part of cell-cell recognition and adhesion, cell proliferations

72
Q

the carbohydrate groups of proteoglycans are predominantly glycosaminoglycans

A

O-linked residues on protein

73
Q

structure of rat cartilage matrix proteoglycan

A
  • highly hydrated
  • compression of cartilage squeezes water out of the cartilage tissue
    0 water is reabsorbed when the stress and compression diminishes
74
Q

soluble protein component of the

A

extracellular matrix outside the cell membrane

75
Q

structure of rat cartilage matrix proteoglycan

A
  • chondroitin sulfate[green]
  • keratan sulfate [blue]
  • O-linked oligosaccharides [also blue]
  • N-linked oligosaccharides [black]
76
Q

modulation of cell growth processes

A

binding of growth factor proteins by proteoglycans in the glycocalyc

77
Q

cushioning in joints

A

cartilage matrix proteoglycans absorb large amount s of water

78
Q

bacteria cell walls are composed of

A

1 or 2 membranes a peptidoglycan shell

79
Q

gram positive

A

one membrane a thick peptidoglycan outer shell made of a pentaglycine bridge connected by tetrapeptides

80
Q

gram negative

A

two membranes with a thin peptidoglycan shell in between, with direct amide bonds between tetrapeptides

81
Q

bacteria

A

peptidoglycan wall, lipopolysaccharides

82
Q

animals

A

proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycolipids

83
Q

the peptidoglycan layer is a

A

fence or mesh of glycosaminoglycan heterosaccharide “rails” connected by tetrapeptides

84
Q

gram negative cells are

A

“hairy”

85
Q

lipopolysaccharide consiste of

A

a lipid group joined to a polysaccharide made up of long chains with various repeating monosaccharides.

86
Q

animal cell surfaces contain an incredible diversity of

A

glycoproteins and proteoglycans

87
Q

the polysaccharide structures regulate cell-cell

A

recognition and interaction with cell-surface receptors

88
Q

the uniqueness of the “information”

A

in these structures is determined by the enzymes that synthesize these polysaccharides

89
Q

N-linked glycoproteins are of three types

A
  • high mannose, complex, and hybrid
90
Q

the carbohydrate groups of glycoproteins may be linked to the protein by

A

serine or threonine residues [in the O-linked oligosaccharides]

91
Q

function in many cases is to adopt an

A

extended conformation

92
Q

bristle brush structure

A

extends functional protein domains up out of glycocalyx

93
Q

the O-linked saccharides

A

often adopt extended conformations to life the functional domains of these proteins above the membrane surface

94
Q

oligosaccharides can

A
  • alter the chemical and physical properties of proteins
  • can stabilize protein conformations and/or protect against proteolysis
  • cleavage of monosaccharide units from N-linked glycoproteins in blood targets them for degradation in the liver
95
Q

progressive cleavage of silica acid residues

A
  • exposes gal residues. binding to liver receptors increases as more Gal is exposed
96
Q

lectins are

A

the translators of the sugar code

97
Q

selectin-carbohydrate interactions

A

modulate the rolling of leukocytes along the vascular wall, so that leukocytes can migrate efficiently to the sites of inflammation

BICH 410 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions