Quiz 1 Flashcards
Bio molecules
Are constructed hierarchically from a limited number of elements
Certain functional groups and linkages
Characterize different types of biomolecules
Polymers
Simple molecules condensed to form more complex ones
Covalent bond
Formation by electron pair sharing makes H, C, O, N appropriate to support life
Bond energy
The energy required to break the covalent bond
Condensation
Loss of water
Hydrolysis
Splitting of adding elements of water
Compartmentalization
Promotes efficiency by maintaining high local concentrations of reactants
The simplest cells
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotic cells
Have organelles
Energy
Must be conserved
Enthalpy
Is equivalent to heat
Entropy
Is a systems measure of disorder, tends to increase
Free energy change
Is determined by the change in enthalpy and the change of entropy
Spontaneous process
Occurs with a decrease in free energy
Free energy change can be calculated from
Temperature and concentrations and stoichiometry of reactants and products
Standard state conditions
- 25 C or 298 K
- pressure 1 atm
- ph of 7
Organisms
- non equilibrium open systems
Positive H
Heat must be supplied from the surrounding to the system
Negative H
Heat is given off by the system
Positive G
Work must be supplied to the system
Negative G
System gives off energy that can be coupled to another process that requires work
Positive S
More degrees of freedom, system is being more disordered
Negative S
less degrees of freedom, system is being more ordered
2nd Law
The entropy of the universe ( isolated system ) always increases
The cell
Is an open system so the entropy can increase outside the cell
G = 0
Is at equilibrium
G < 0
( negative ) Is spontaneous and exergonic
G > 0
( positive ) is opposed (non spontaneous) and endergonic
Biochemical standard state
- temp 25C - 298 K
- pressure 1 atm
- concentrations of each reactant and product 1M
- pH = 7
- the concentration of water (55.5 M) is constant
Delta g prime non standard conditions
- means reactants and product concentrations are far from 1M
macromolecules facts
- have a sense of directionality
- are informational
- 3D architecture: non covalent complementarith
- weak forces maintain biological structure & determine interactions
