- ribose or deoxyribose sugar - one or more phosphate group - nitrogenous base

- Guanine - Adenine - Cytosine - Thymine Deoxyribonucleotide

- Adenine - Guanine - Cytosine - Uracil ribonucleotides

Quiz 3 Flashcards by Cynthia Olvera

nitrogenous base of nucleotides include

2 types of purine
3 types of pyrimidines

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NucleoTIDE contains

ribose or deoxyribose sugar
one or more phosphate group
nitrogenous base

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DNA contains

Guanine
Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine Deoxyribonucleotide

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RNA contains

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil ribonucleotides

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___ Enable them to undergo keto-enol tautomerism

aromaticity and electron rich nature of pyrimidines and purines

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Protonation states of nitrogen determines

wether they can serve as H-bond donors or acceptors

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Aromaticity also accounts for ____

Absorption of UV light; the peak absorbance [maximum] is 260nm

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common purine bases

adenine
guanine

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UV absorption spectra

peak absorbance is at 260nm

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common pyrimidine bases

cytosine
uracil
thymine

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nucleotide base is linked to the sugar, ribose via

glycosidic bond

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nucleotides are named by

adding -idine to the root name of pyrimidine or -osine to the root name of a purine

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Sugars

can make nucleosides more water soluble than free bases

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Nucleosides

get their sides from glycosides

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The common nucleosides bases are shown as

anti

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where do nucleotides get their tides from

phosphatides [ molecules linked to phosphate ]

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most nucleotides are

ribonucleotides, RNA

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DNA is a

deoxyribonucleotide

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____ have many functions in the cell

ribonucleotides

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ATP

is central to energy metabolism

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GTP

drives protein synthesis

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CTP

drives lipid synthesis

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UTP

drives carbohydrate metabolism

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Formation of ADP and ATP by the successive addition of phosphate groups via

phosphoric anhydride linkages aka phosphoanhydride bond

link phosphate groups

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Nucleic acids are linear polymers of nucleotide slinked 3' hydroxyl to 5' phosphate of the next nucleotide by

phosphodiester bonds

nuclear acids are

- RNA and DNA

sequence is always read

5'-3'

3'-5' phosphodiester bonds

link nucleotides together to form polynucleotide chains

Noncovalent intramolecular bonds connect

complementary base pairs across double stranded stem

the antiparallel nature of the DNA double helix means that

the two chains have opposite orientations

ribosomal rna

the basis of structure and function of ribosomes

messenger rna

carries message for protein synthesis

transfer rna

carries the amino acid for protein synthesis

the double helix is stabilized by

hydrogen bonds

base pairs arise from

h-bonds : A-T, C-G

erwin chargaff

had the pairing data but didnt understand its implications

rosalind franklin

x-ray fiber diffraction data was key

Francis crick

recognized it was a helix with bases inside

James Watson

figured out h bonds using model building

jerry Donahue

knew the keto tautomer predominate at pH=7

product of dna

transcription

in prokaryotes

- a single mrna contain the information for synthesis of many proteins

in eukaryotes

a single mrna codes for just one protein but structure is composed of introns and exons

hnRNA

mixed introns and exons with polyA tail

intron

intervening sequence

exons

coding sequence

poly A tail

stability

____ produces final mRNA without introns

splicing

rRNA

serves as a scaffold for ribosomal proteins

genetic information in the

nucleotide sequence of mRNA is translated into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain by ribosomes

tRNA

carries amino acid to the ribosome

3-' terminal sequence is CCA-3'-OH

the amino acid is attached in ester linkage to this 3'-OH

substrates of photosynthesis

amino acyl tRNA

2 differences between DNA and RNA

- dna contains 2-deoxyribose instead of ribose - dna contains thymine instead of uracil

5-methyl group on thymine

labels it as a special kind of stabilized 'uracil' partner for A, protected from DNA repair enzymes

DNA lacking 2-OH'

is more stable

close or vicuna OH groups (2' and 3')

make RNA more susceptible to hydrolysis

nucleic acid fragments are separated by size using

electrophoresis

restriction enzymes

- nucleic acids being cut at specific sequences -

DNA polymerase

generate DNA fragments that are randomly terminated

Types II and III restriction enzymes

cleave DNA chains at selected sites

an enzyme that requires a 6-base sequence is a

six-cutter

Type II restriction enzyme

- no ATP required - recognition sites in double stranded DNA have a 2-fold symmetry - 2- fold symmetry in a double stranded DNA site is a "palindromic site" - cleavage can leave staggered or 'sticky' ends or can produce 'blunt' ends

nucleic acids are polyanions which are

attracted to the anode charge key characteristics of DNA synthesis

key characteristics of DNA synthesis

1. 4 deoxynucleoside triphosphate and mg 2+ required 2. a template strand is used to direct DNA synthesis 3. a primer from which the new strand grows must be present 4. many dna polymerases have nucleic activity that allows for the removal of mismatched bases

dNTPs

are considered to be active precursors because the subsequent breakdown of the released pyrophosphate helps to drive the phosphodiester bond formation

DNA polymerase catalyzes

phosphodiester-bridge formation