Quiz 6: Sensorimotor/ Memory

Question 1

According to Pinel and Barnes, the fundamental principles of sensory-motor function are

a) hierarchical organization
b) guidance of motor output by incoming sensory information
c) learning and behavioural change
d) feed-forward and feed-back control
e) a, b, and c are all correct
f) all of the above are correct

Answer 1

e) a, b, and c are all correct

Question 2

Does the spinal cord play a role in learning and memory storage?

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

Patient H.M. had…

a) intact short-term memory and intact (old, remote) long-term memory
b) impaired short-term memory and intact (old, remote) long-term memory
c) impaired short-term memory and impaired (old, remote) long-term memory
d) impaired explicit and impaired implicit memory
e) intact explicit and impaired implicit memory

Answer 3

a) intact short-term memory and intact (old, remote) long-term memory

Question 4

The response properties of dorsolateral prefrontal neurons suggest that

a) damage to this area of cortex is responsible for contralateral neglect
b) decisions to initiate voluntary movements may be made in this area of cortex
c) damage to this area of cortex is responsible for apraxia
d) decisions to initiate voluntary movements are probably not made in the frontal lobes
e) none of the above

Answer 4

b) decisions to initiate voluntary movements may be made in this area of cortex

Question 5

Intrafusal is to extrafusal as

a) muscle spindle is to skeletal muscle
b) voluntary is to reflex
c) dynamic is to static
d) CNS is to PNS
e) voluntary is to ballistic

Answer 5

a) muscle spindle is to skeletal muscle

Question 6

Explicit memories for the particular events or experiences of one’s life are ________ memories

a) procedural
b) episodic
c) semantic
d) remote
e) implicit

Answer 6

b) episodic

Question 7

A neurological patient who shaves only the right side of his face and does not put his left arm into his sweater likely has a lesion in his right

a) premotor area
b) posterior parietal lobe
c) supplementary motor cortex
d) primary motor area
e) dorsolateral frontal lobe

Answer 7

b) posterior parietal lobe

Question 8

In general, the various areas of secondary motor cortex are thought to

a) mediate reflexes
b) specialize in guiding learned sequences
c) terminate response sequences
d) provide the major input to spinal motor circuits
e) program specific patterns of movement

Answer 8

e) program specific patterns of movement

Question 9

According to an experiment discussed in Module 11, short-term memories in rats are stored in the

a) neocortex
b) cerebellum
c) amygdala
d) prefrontal cortex
e) hippocampus

Answer 9

d) prefrontal cortex

Question 10

A study of the firing of primary motor cortex neurons while monkeys moved freely about indicated that their firing was often related to the

a) direction of the movement
b) purpose of the movement
c) acceleration of the movement
d) end point (i.e., target) of the movement
e) speed of the movement

Answer 10

d) end point (i.e., target) of the movement

Question 11

The neurotransmitter _________ is released by motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions, activates the motor end-plate on each muscle fiber, and causes the fiber to contract

a) norepinephrine
b) dopamine
c) acetylcholine
d) glutamate
e) serotonin

Answer 11

c) acetylcholine

Question 12

The amygdala is thought to play a role in

a) memory for time
b) space and working memory
c) memory for the emotional significance of experiences
d) memory for language
e) object recognition memory

Answer 12

c) memory for the emotional significance of experiences

Question 13

The long-term progressive increase in the resistance of memories to disruption by electroconvulsive shock was demonstrated in a classic study by Squire, Slater, and Chace (1975) in which the memory for _________ was assessed

a) faces
b) digits
c) television shows that played for only one year
d) names
e) shocks

Answer 13

c) television shows that played for only one year

Question 14

Memory re-consolidation can be blocked by

a) extinction training
b) protein synthesis inhibitors
c) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
d) both a and b
e) a, b, and c

Answer 14

d) both a and b

Question 15

The human medial temporal lobe includes the

a) hippocampus
b) amygdala
c) medial temporal cortex
d) CA1 subfield
e) all of the above

Answer 15

e) all of the above

Question 16

Which kinds of movements are NOT influenced by sensory feedback?

a) reflexive movements
b) practiced movements
c) innate movements
d) unpracticed movements
e) ballistic movements

Answer 16

e) ballistic movements

Question 17

In the _____________ task, a monkey is presented with a distinctive object (the sample object), under which it finds food. Then, after a specified delay, the monkey is presented with two test objects: the sample object and an unfamiliar object. The monkey must select the unfamiliar object to receive a food reward

a) nondelayed matching-to-sample
b) repetition priming
c) delayed nonmatching-to-sample
d) delayed matching-to-sampling

Answer 17

c) delayed nonmatching-to-sample

Question 18

Studying the brains of musicians, researchers have found anatomical changes in all of the following areas with the exception of the

a) cerebellum
b) primary motor cortex
c) corpus callosum
d) occipital lobe
e) planum temporale

Answer 18

d) occipital lobe

Question 19

In general, the dorsolateral corticospinal tract controls the muscles of the

a) legs
b) body core
c) hands and feet
d) proximal limbs
e) thighs

Answer 19

c) hands and feet

Question 20

Korsakoff’s syndrome is typically associated with

a) amnesia
b) chronic alcohol consumption
c) damage to the medial diencephalon
d) confusion and personality changes
e) all of the above

Answer 20

e) all of the above

Question 21

Motor output is guided by sensory feedback with the exception of:

a) agonistic movements
b) ballistic movements
c) antagonistic movements
d) central sensorimotor programs

Answer 21

b) ballistic movements

Question 22

the sensorimotor system is currently believed to be:

a) serial
b) parallel
c) hierarchical
d) both b and c

Answer 22

d) both b and c

Question 23

one major area of sensorimotor association cortex is the:

a) amygdala
b) anterior posterior cortex
c) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
d) hippocampus

Answer 23

c) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 24

lesions of the left posterior cortex are associated with:

a) contralateral neglect
b) agnosia
c) apraxia
d) dyslexia

Answer 24

c) apraxia

Question 25

The decision to initiate a voluntary movement is thought to occur in the:

a) basal ganglia
b) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
c) cerebellum
d) primary motor cortex

Answer 25

b) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 26

some neurons that fire when a monkey makes a particular movement fire just as robustly when the monkey watches that movement being made by another. these neurons are called:

a) ballistic neurons
b) mirror neurons
c) memory neurons
d) voluntary movement neurons

Answer 26

b) mirror neurons

Question 27

the neurotransmitter ______ is released by motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions, activates the motor end-plate on each muscle fiber, and causes the fiber to contract:

a) dopamine
b) glutamate
c) acetylcholine
d) norepinephrine

Answer 27

c) acetylcholine

Question 28

Some primary motor cortex neurons feedback from the skin of the hands. Presumably, these neurons play a role in:

a) stereognosis
b) itch
c) contralateral neglect
d) astereognosia

Answer 28

a) stereognosis

Question 29

evidence has gradually accumulated that the cerebellum

a) plays a role in cognition
b) sends most of its axons to the motor circuits of the spinal cord
c) is organized according to the same principles as the homunculus
d) is only involved in coordinating motor movements

Answer 29

a) plays a role in cognition

Question 30

in humans, some of the neurons in the ______ tract synapse directly on motor neurons innervating the muscles of one finger:

a) ventromedial corticospinal
b) dorsolateral corticospinal
c) dorsolateral corticorubrospinal
d) ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal

Answer 30

b) dorsolateral corticospinal

Question 31

in comparison to the two descending dorsolateral motor pathways, the two ventromedial pathways are more:

a) robust
b) likely to contain Betz cells
c) likely to control individual digits
d) diffuse

Answer 31

d) diffuse

Question 32

the biceps are _______ while the triceps are ______:

a) agonists, antagonsists
b) extensors, flexors
c) flexors; extensors
d) antagonists, agonsits

Answer 32

c) flexors, extensors

Question 33

which of the following is often elicited by a physician with a little rubber hammer?

a) stretch reflex
b) patellar tendon reflex
c) withdrawal reflex
d) both a and b

Answer 33

d) both a and b

Question 34

the main function of Renshaw cells in to mediate

a) recurrent collateral inhibition
b) withdrawal
c) motor equivalence
d) extension

Answer 34

a) recurrent collateral inhibition

Question 35

central sensorimotor programs can develop:

a) with practice
b) without practice
c) only in association cortex
d) both a and b

Answer 35

d) both a and b

Question 36

Early Neuroanatomists found differences in the following parts of the brain of musicians:

a) inferior temporal gyrus
b) visual cortex
c) superior temporal gyrus
d) prefrontal cortex

Answer 36

c) superior temporal gyrus

Question 37

In right-handed musicians, the hand representation in the primary and somatosensory cortex shows greater changes for the right brain hemisphere. Why would this be the case?

a) the right hemisphere is responsible for the right hand, which is dominant in these individuals
b) the right hemisphere is responsible for the left hand, which benefits more from extensive training
c) the left hemisphere is non-dominant, giving the right hemisphere as an advantage
d) both a and c are correct

Answer 37

b) the right hemisphere is responsible for the left hand, which benefits more from extensive training

Question 38

what is the arcuate fasciculus?

a) a musical instrument played in northern Germany
b) a fiber tract connecting the left and right hemispheres
c) axons connecting the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes
d) axons connecting visual and motor areas

Answer 38

c) axons connecting the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes

Question 39

you are a biopsychology’s studying facial expression. In your current study, you are investigating brain systems that are involved in detecting sudden, unexpected changes in emotional facial expression. which of the following techniques would you use to conduct your study?

a) high-resolution structural MRI imaging
b) EEG
c) case studies involving brain damaged patients
d) all of the above

Answer 39

b) EEG

Question 40

Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke refer to brain damage induced by

a) rapture and blockade of a blood vessel, respectively
b) blockade and rapture of a blood vessel, respectively
c) blood accumulation and drainage in brain tissue, respectively
d) drainage and blood accumulation in brain tissue, respectively

Answer 40

b) blockade and rapture of a blood vessel, respectively

Question 41

did you detect a somewhat surprising, counterintuitive result in the study by Schneider et al. ?

a) no there is nothin surprising in the study
b) yes, it is surprising that the simple act of playing music helped with motor recovery
c) yes it is surprising that the CG (conventional therapy group) did not show improvements
d) yes, it is surprising that the music group did not show a greater enhancement of motor recovery

Answer 41

c) yes, it is surprising that the CG (conventional therapy group)

Question 42

what could be a potential explanation for this unexpected results?

a) the 3-week study period may be too short for conventional therapy to be effective
b) the 3-week study period my be too short for music therapy to be effective
c) the motor tests used (e.g. finger tapping) only show improvements in professional musicians
d) no explanation needs, as there was nothing surprising about the study

Answer 42

a) the 3-week study period may be too short for conventional therapy to be effective

Question 43

the memory of your family trip to Victoria, B.C in 2011 is an example of a/an :

a) implicit memory
b) non-associative memory
c) episodic memory’s
d) semantic memory
e) none of the above

Answer 43

c) episodic memory

Question 44

the knowledge that Paris is a town in Texas (among other places) is an example of a/an:

a) implicit memory
b) non-associative memory
c) episodic memory
d) semantic memory
e) none of the above

Answer 44

d) semantic memory

Question 45

short-term (working) memory is stored in the:

a) hippocampus
b) amygdala
c) neocortex
d) prefrontal cortex
e) cerebellum

Answer 45

d) prefrontal cortex

Question 46

In behavioral tasks, the recall of either STM or LTM can be asses by:

a) increasing the difficulty of the task
b) changing the delay between training and recall testing
c) changing the number of items to be remembered
d) changing the material to be remembered
e) all of the above

Answer 46

b) changing the delay between training and recall testing

Question 47

the process of memory consolidation and reconsolidation requires:

a) active rehearsal of information
b) hippocampal activity
c) memory updating
d) prefrontal cortex activity
e) synthesis of new proteins

Answer 47

e) synthesis of new proteins

Question 48

a common behavioral paradigm to study memory consolidation is:

a) the delayed non-matching to sample test
b) fear conditioning
c) digit-span memory test
d) spatial memory test
e) working memory test

Answer 48

b) fear conditioning

Question 49

a critical requirement to triggers reconsolidation is:

a) recall of the old memory
b) new learning
c) memory updating
d) forgetting
e) memory suppression

Answer 49

a) recall of the old memory

Question 50

Reconsolidation allows the:

a) stabilization of memories
b) updating of memories
c) removal of memories
d) integration of multiple memories
e) all of the above

Answer 50

e) all of the above

Question 51

symptoms of PTSD include:

a) memory deficits
b) insomnia
c) increased appetite
d) hypotension
e) all of the above

Answer 51

b) insomnia

Question 52

propranolol is a drug that acts as:

a) agonist at adrenoreceptors
b) antagonist at adrenoreceptors
c) antagonist at dopamine receptors
d) antagonist at serotonin receptors
e) all of the above

Answer 52

b) antagonist at adrenoreceptors

Question 53

memory modifications in PTSD

a) are designed to reduce memory accuracy
b) are usually effective in treated patients
c) affect both positive and negative memories
d) attempt to blunt the emotional response associated with the memory

Answer 53

d) attempt to blunt the emotional response associated with the memory

Question 54

two neurons (neuron A and neuron B) are connected by a synapse; neuron B repeatedly fires just prior to neuron A. The synapse from neuron A to B is:

a) strengthened
b) weakened
c) unchanged
d) eliminated

Answer 54

b) weakened

Question 55

what happens to the synapse if neuron A repeatedly fires just before neuron B? The synapse from neuron A to B is:

a) strengthened
b) weakened
c) unchanged
d) eliminated

Answer 55

a) strengthened

Question 56

a “cell assembly” can be defined as:

a) a group of neurons with strong synaptic connections
b) a theoretical construct proposed to store specific memories
c) cells in the visual cortex that respond to the same visual stimulus
d) all of the above
e) both a and b only

Answer 56

d) all of the above

Question 57

what is the most important aspect of the Hebbian learning rule?

a) neurons with strong synaptic connections will fire together
b) reduced neural activity will lead to synaptic weakening
c) near-synchronous neuronal firing leads to changes in synaptic strength
d) near-synchronous neuronal firing leads to increases in synaptic strength

Answer 57

c) near-synchronous neuronal firing leads to changes in synaptic strength

Question 58

stable/late LTP mediates the storage of ______ memory, while decremental / early LTP may play a role in the storage of __________ memory.

a) short-term / short-term
b) short-term / long-term
c) long-term / long-term
d) long-term / short-term

Answer 58

d) long-term / short-term

Question 59

what type of memory is measured by the morris water maze?

a) fear memory
b) social memory
c) spatial memory
d) classical conditioning
e) motor learning

Answer 59

c) spatial memory

Question 60

the drug used to demonstrate a link between learning and LTP in rats blocked:

a) dopamine receptors
b) acetylcholine receptors
c) serotonin receptors
d) NMDA receptors
e) histamine receptors

Answer 60

NMDA receptors

Question 61

Inhibitory avoidance training elicits LTP in the:

a) neocortex
b) hippocampus
c) amygdala
d) cerebellum
e) all of the above

Answer 61

b) hippocampus