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PSYC 271, Brain & Behaviour > Important Terms Weeks 1 to 6 > Flashcards

Important Terms Weeks 1 to 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Biopsychology?

A

The scientific study of the biology of behaviour

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2
Q

Who is Hebb?

A

He developed the first comprehensive theory of how complex psychological phenomena might be produced by brain activity

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3
Q

What are the 6 fields of neuroscience that are relevant to biopsychology?

A
  1. Neuroanatomy
  2. Neurochemistry
  3. Neuroendocrinology
  4. Neuropathology
  5. Neuropharmacology
  6. Neurophysiology
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4
Q

what is pure/basic research?

A

it is research that is motivated by curiosity.

The goal is to acquire knowledge

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5
Q

what is applied research?

A

the goal is to provide a direct benefit

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6
Q

what is physiological psychology?

A
  • neural mechanisms of behaviour through manipulation of nonhuman brains
  • pure research mostly
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7
Q

What is psychopharmacology?

A
  • effects of drugs on the brain
  • similar to physiological psychology
  • mostly applied research
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8
Q

what is neuropsychology?

A
  • psychological effects of brain damage in humans

- mostly applies research

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9
Q

what is psychophysiology?

A
  • relation between physiological activity and psychological processes in human subjects using noninvasive methods
  • EEG (studies the ANS)
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10
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience?

A
  • neural mechanisms of human cognition using functional brain imaging
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11
Q

what is comparative psychology?

A
  • biology of behaviour
  • evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behaviour
  • compare behaviour of different species
  • two areas of research that employ comparative analysis
    a) evolutionary psychology
    b) behavioural genetics
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12
Q

what is the elevated plus maze?

A

a behavioural test used to measure anxiety in rats

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13
Q

what is species specific behaviour?

A

behaviour unique to a species

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14
Q

what is class common behaviour?

A

behaviours similar among a class of animals, such as mammals

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15
Q

what are the advantages of using non-human subjects

A
  1. brains are simpler
  2. insights can arise from comparative analysis
  3. Can conduct research with these subjects when not ethically possible with humans
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16
Q

what is scientific inference?

A

the empirical method that biopsychologists use to study the unobservable

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17
Q

what are the three factors of behaviour?

A
  1. genetic endowment (evolution)
  2. experience
  3. perception of current situation
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18
Q

what is cartesian dualism?

A

the universe is composed of two elements: physical matter and the human mind

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19
Q

what is cross-modal brain plasticity

A

shifts in the functional organization of the brain between sensory modalities

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20
Q

what does the brain stem do?

A

regulates activities critical for survival

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21
Q

what does the cerebrum do?

A

adaptive processes (i.e. learning, perception, motivation)

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22
Q

what are the four nucleotide bases?

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

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23
Q

what constitutes genetic code?

A

sequence of nucleotide bases

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24
Q

homologous

A

structures that are similar because they have a common evolutionary origin

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25
Q

analogous

A

structures that are similar but don’t have a common evolutionary origin

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26
Q

convergent evolution

A

evolution in unrelated species of similar solutions to the same environmental demands

(similarities between analogous structures result from this)

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27
Q

what is epigenetics?

A

the study of all mechanisms of inheritance other than the genetic code and its expression

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28
Q

what is transgenerational epigenetics?

A

examines the transmission of experience via epigenetic mechanism across generations

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29
Q

what is DNA methylation?

A

a methyl group becomes attached to DNA molecules and can change the expression of the affected gene without altering the DNA itself

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30
Q

what is phenylketonuria?

A

a single-gene metabolic disorder

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31
Q

what are monozygotic twins?

A

twins that develop from the same zygote

genetically identical

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32
Q

what are dizygotic twins?

A

twins that develop from two zygotes

genetically similar as any pair of siblings

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33
Q

anterior

A

front facing

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34
Q

posterior

A

back facing

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35
Q

dorsal

A

toward surface of top of head

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36
Q

ventral

A

toward surface of bottom of head

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37
Q

medial

A

towards midline of body

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38
Q

lateral

A

away from midline; towards body’s lateral surfaces

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39
Q

proximal

A

close

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40
Q

distal

A

far

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41
Q

what are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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42
Q

what are the two divisions of the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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43
Q

what are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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44
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

it interacts with the environment; composed with afferent and efferent nerves

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45
Q

afferent nerves

A

carry sensory signals to the central nervous system (SNS)

carry sensory signals from internal organs to the cns (ANS)

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46
Q

efferent nerves

A

carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles (SNS)

carry sensory signals from the CNS to internal organs (ANS)

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47
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

it regulates the body’s internal environment; it is composed of afferent and efferent nerves

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48
Q

what are the two types of nerves in the ANS?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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49
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources in threatening situations

50
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

act to conserve energy

51
Q

what is hydrocephalus?

A

build up cerebrospinal fluid causes that brain to expand

52
Q

what is the blood-brain barrier?

A

impedes the passage of toxic substances from the blood into the brain

53
Q

what are neurons?

A

specialized cells for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical

54
Q

what are the four types of neurons?

A

multipolar, unipolar, bipolar, interneurons

55
Q

what are pyramidal cells?

A

one of the major types of cells found throughout the cerebral cortex

56
Q

what is the effect of enrichment on neuroanatomical structure of the brain?

A

increase in cortex, corpus callosum thickness, dendritic length and branching, spine density

57
Q

what are glial cells?

A

several classes of non-neural cells of the nervous system

58
Q

what are the four types of glial cells?

A

oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, astrocytes

59
Q

what are the two areas that comprise the spinal cord?

A
  • an inner H- shaped core of gray matter

- surrounding area of white matter

60
Q

what are the 5 divisions of the brain?

A
  • Myelencephalon (medulla)
  • metencephalon
  • mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • diencephalon (composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus)
  • telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
61
Q

what are the four F’s of motivation?

A

fleeing, feeding, fighting, sexual behaviour (***fucking)

62
Q

what are the major structures of the limbic system?

A

amygdala, cingulate cortex, fornix, septum

63
Q

what is the basal ganglia?

A

it plays a role in the performance of voluntary motor responses and decision making

64
Q

what it membrane potential?

A

the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell

65
Q

what is membrane potential established by?

A
  • electrostatic pressure

- concentration gradients

66
Q

what are the ions that contribute to resting membrane potential?

A

Na+ (sodium), K+ (potassium), Cl- (chlorine)

67
Q

what is a voltage-gated ion channel?

A

channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential
(hyperpolarization and depolarization)

68
Q

what is a ligand-gated ion channel?

A

channels open in response to the binding of extracellular chemical, such as a neurotransmitter, to a receptor associated with the channel

69
Q

what do sodium-potassium pumps do?

A

transport 3 Na+ out four every 2 K+ they transport in

70
Q

resting state of a neuron??

A

there are more Na+ ions outside the cell than inside and more K+ ions inside

71
Q

depolarize

A

decrease resting membrane potential

72
Q

what are postsynaptic depolarizations called?

A

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs); increase the likelihood that neuron will fire

73
Q

hyperpolarize

A

increase resting membrane potential

74
Q

what postsynaptic hyperpolarization are called?

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs); decrease likelihood that neuron will fire

75
Q

what is the threshold of excitation?

A

level of depolarization necessary to generate an action potential
(usually about -65mV)

76
Q

what is an action potential?

A

massive and momentary reversal of the membrane potential from about -70mV to about +50mV

77
Q

what are the three phases of an action potential?

A

rising phase, repolarization, hyperpolarization

78
Q

what is the absolute refractory period?

A

a brief period after an action potential during which it is impossible to elicit a second one

79
Q

what is a relative refractory period?

A

comes after the absolute refractory period

it is possible to fire neuron again but only by applying higher than normal levels of stimulation

80
Q

what is the hodgkin-huxley model?

A

found that voltage-gated K+ channels open and potassium flows out of the neuron during an action potential

81
Q

what are two kinds of naturally occurring toxicants?

A

palytoxin and tetrodotoxin

82
Q

what is tetrodotoxin?

A

blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, preventing membranes from depolarizing and generating action potentials

83
Q

what is a neurotransmitter?

A

chemical released from the axon terminal of one neuron that excites or inhibits a nearby postsynaptic neuron

84
Q

what is a neuromodulator?

A

chemical released from one neuron and alters the activity of a population of neurons (tend to be released into the extracellular fluid rather than at a particular synapse)

85
Q

what is a ligand?

A

any molecule that binds to another molecule

86
Q

what are ionotropic receptors?

A
  • associated with ligand-activated ion channels
  • when a neurotransmitter binds to an ionotropic receptor, the associated ion channel usually opens or closes immediately - inducing an immediate postsynaptic potential
87
Q

what are metabotropic receptors?

A
  • associated with signal proteins and G proteins
  • effects slower, more diffuse, longer lasting, and more varied
  • can trigger the synthesis of a chemical called a second messenger which can possibly bind to DNA and influence genetic receptor
88
Q

Autoreceptors

A

monitor the number of neurotransmitters molecules in the synapse to reduce subsequent release when the levels are high to increase subsequent release when they are low

89
Q

what are small molecule neurotransmitters?

A

they are released into direct synapses and activate ionotropic or metabotropic receptors that act directly on ion channels

90
Q

two examples of amino acids?

A

GABA and Glutamate

91
Q

Examples of Monoamine?

A

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin

92
Q

what are neuropeptides?

A
  • large neurotransmitters

- bind to metabotropic receptors that act through second messengers

93
Q

what are agonists?

A

drugs that facilitate the effects of neurotransmitter

94
Q

what are antagonists?

A

drugs that inhibit the effects of a neurotransmitter

95
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

associated with reduced acetylcholine levels

96
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

associated with reduced dopamine levels

- treatment: L-Dopa

97
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Linked to excessive levels of dopamine

- treatment : antipsychotics

98
Q

depression

A

linked to imbalances in multiple monoamines

- treatment: tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs, SNRIs

99
Q

Epilepsy

A

thought to result from an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission

100
Q

what are contrast X-rays

A

injecting a substance into one part of the body that absorbs x-rays either less than or more than the surrounding tissue

101
Q

what are computed tomography (CT)

A

computer asisted x-ray procedure

102
Q

what is a PET scan?

A

functional brain images, image of the levels of radioactivity indicated by different colors

103
Q

what is a MRI

A

structural brain images in 3D, clearer images than CT

104
Q

what is an fMRI

A

produces images representing the increase in oxygen flow in the blood to active areas of the brain

105
Q

what is a diffusion tensor imaging?

A

identifying pathways along which water molecules rapidly diffuse

106
Q

what is transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

it turns off area of human cortex temporarily

107
Q

what is transcranial direct stimulation

A

it turns on an area of the cortex

108
Q

what is scalp electroencephalography (EEG)

A

measures electrical activity of brain (EEG waves)

109
Q

what is magnetoencephalography?

A

measures changes in magnetic fields on surface of the scalp produce by changes un underlying neural activity

110
Q

what is muscle tension / how is it measured?

A
  • electromyography EMG

- recorded between two electrodes taped to skin over muscles of interest

111
Q

what is eye movement / how is it measured?

A
  • electrooculography

- activity is recorded between two electrodes placed on each side of the eye or above and below eye

112
Q

what is electrodermal activity

A
  • skin conductance level

- skin conductance response

113
Q

what is cardiovascular activity

A
  • heart rate

- blood pressure

114
Q

what is stereotaxic surgery?

A

experimental devices (electrodes) are positioned in the depths of the brain

115
Q

what are the 5 lesion methods?

A
  • aspiration lesions
  • radio-frequency lesions
  • knife cuts
  • reversible lesions
  • unilateral lesions
116
Q

what is intracellular unit recording?

A

moment by moment record of the graded fluctuations in one neuron’s membrane potential

117
Q

what is extracellular unit recording

A

recording of the firing of a neuron but no information about membrane potential

118
Q

what is multiple unit recording

A

picks up signals from many neurons AND action potentials

119
Q

what is a gene-knockout technique

A

creating organisms that lack a certain gene

120
Q

what is a gene-replacement technique

A

genes from humans inserted into other animals

121
Q

what is a green fluorescent protein (GFP)

A

a protein that exhibits green fluorescence when exposed to blue light

122
Q

what is optogenetics

A

opsin genes inserted into a particular neurons so that exposure to light influences their activity

PSYC 271, Brain & Behaviour (8 decks)

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