Quiz 2: Evolution, Genetics, & Experience/ Nervous System Flashcards
The two genes, one on each chromosome of a pair, that control the same trait are called…
a) genotypes
b) phenotypes
c) alleles
d) dominants
e) gametes
c) alleles
Darwin suggested a mechanism for evolution:
a) genes
b) natural selection
c) sex
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
b) natural selection
The CNS is composed of two major divisions: the
a) ANS and PNS
b) brain and brain stem
c) SNS and ANS
d) spinal cord and brain stem
e) none of the above
e) none of the above
Mendel’s early experiments challenged the central premise upon which previous ideas about inheritance had rested. This was the premise that…
a) there is only one gene for each trait
b) white seeds are dominant
c) there are two genes for each trait
d) some traits are dominant and some are recessive
e) offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents
e) offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents
Which of the following statements about evolution is correct?
a) evolution proceeds in a straight line (towards a goal)
b) humans have existed for most of the earth’s history
c) evolution is a slow, gradual process of adapting to a changing environment
d) there are more species in existence today than during all other times throughout evolution
e) some existing behaviours or body features that have evolved are not adaptive
e) some existing behaviours or body features that have evolved are not adaptive
In general, afferent nerves carry sensory information
a) from the brain
b) from the CNS
c) to the PNS
d) from the cortex
e) to the CNS
e) to the CNS
A cross-section of the spinal cord gray matter reveals four arms; among these are the two
a) ventral horns
b) ventral routes
c) lateral roots
d) lateral horns
e) ventral roots
a) ventral horns
Synaptic vesicles tend to be most prevalent in the
a) button
b) dendrites
c) nucleus
d) postsynaptic membranes
e) nodes of Ranvier
a) button
Social dominance is an important factor in evolution because dominant males often
a) kill their competitors
b) kill their mates
c) produce more offspring than non-dominant males
d) become seriously injured
e) are much larger
c) produce more offspring than non-dominant males
The experiment by Beninger and Vanderwolf asking if rats are able to discriminate their own behaviour showed that
a) rats know if they are walking or grooming
b) rats do not have the ability to monitor their own behaviour
c) rats know if they are swimming or climbing
d) rats know if they are eating or drinking
e) a, c, and d are all correct
a) rats know if they are walking or grooming
Each strand of DNA is a sequence of ________ bases
a) deoxyribonucleic
b) thymine
c) nucleotide
d) codons
e) protein
c) nucleotide
Convergent evolution produces structures that are
a) convergent
b) analogous
c) homologous
d) both a and c
e) both b and c
b) analogous
The neurons of the dorsal roots are
a) bipolar
b) sensory
c) tracts
d) multipolar polar
e) motor
b) sensory
The myelencephalon is also often called the
a) hypothalamus
b) cortex
c) midbrain
d) brain stem
e) medulla
e) medulla
CNS is to PNS as oligodendrocytes are to
a) glial cells
b) microglia
c) oligoaxonocytes
d) Schwann cells
e) astrocytes
d) Schwann cells
What mechanism can explain the transmission of specific behavioural responses to threatening objects or situations experienced by the parents to their own offspring?
a) trans-genetics
b) epigenetics
c) genetics
d) quasi-genetics
e) genomics
b) epigenetics
________ matter is composed largely of myelinated axons
a) gray
b) golgi
c) soma
d) dura
e) white
e) white
A major purpose of Chapter 2 of Biopsychology is to teach you NOT to think about the biology of behaviour in terms of
a) Cartesian dualism
b) the brain
c) traditional dichotomies
d) instinct
e) psychology
c) traditional dichotomies
The sensitive period for the development of a particular trait is the period
a) of sexual receptivity
b) of fertility
c) during which a particular experience must occur to have a major effect on the development of the trait
d) of neural regeneration
e) of chronic pain
c) during which a particular experience must occur to have a major effect on the development of the trait
Identical is to fraternal as
a) culture is to experience
b) monozygotic is to dizygotic
c) two is to one
d) polyzygotic is to monozygotic
e) dizygotic is to monozygotic
b) monozygotic is to dizygotic
The Golgi stain allows scientist to visualize
a) only dendritic spines
b) every single neuron in the brain simultaneously
c) the cell body (soma)
d) an entire neuron
e) only axons
d) an entire neuron
Which of the following two factors produce similar effects on neuron structure?
a) stress and environmental enrichment
b) social housing and stress
c) stress and impoverished housing
d) exercise and impoverished housing
e) none of the above
c) stress and impoverished housing
The direction toward the back of your head is
a) posterior
b) dorsal
c) anterior
d) inferior
e) ventral
a) posterior
Applying stimulation to the occipital lobe/visual cortex during Braille reading in blind individuals will
a) interfere with reading performance
b) improve visual perception
c) enhance reading performance
d) cause participants to learn Braille at a faster rate
e) has no effects on reading performance
a) interfere with reading performance
The study of animal behaviour in the wild is known as:
a) ethology
b) monozygotic
c) translation
d) transcription
a) ethology
In an attempt to provide convincing evidence of self-awareness, Gallup (1983) devised a clever test: each chimpanzee in his experiment was:
a) shown a video of another chimpanzee that had its eyebrows painted red
b) put in front of a mirror
c) exposed to a conspecific
d) exposed to a human experimenter
b) put in front of a mirror
Darwin was not the first to suggest that species involve from pre-existing species, but he was the first to:
a) write about it
b) suggest how evolution occurs
c) amass a large body of supporting evidence
d) both b and C
d) both b and c
why is social dominance an important factor in evolution?
a) because it increases the likelihood of transcription
b) because it produces healthier offspring
c) because, in some species, dominant females are more likely to produce more and healthier offspring
d) because it leads to unnatural selection
c) because, in some species, dominant females are more likely to produce more and healthier offspring
apes are thought to have evolved from a line of
a) hominins
b) old-world monkey’s
c) amphibians
d) new-world monkeys
b) old-world monkeys
the evolution of the scrotum illustrates that evolution
a) is more like a bush than a ladder
b) always proceeds to perfection
c) does not progress to preordained perfection
d) is more like a sac than a ball
d) does not progress to preordained perfection
during the course of evolution of the human brain there has been a(n):
a) increase the size of the brain’s ventricles
b) decrease in the size of the brain stem
c) decrease in the size of the cerebrum
d) increase in the number of convolutions
d) increase in the number of convolutions
___________ is an arrangement in which one male forms mating bonds with more than one female:
a) polygyny
b) monogamy
c) polyfemale
d) polyandry
a) polygyny
Humans have _______ pairs of chromosomes:
a) 46
b) 18
c) 36
d) 23
d) 23
Proteins are long chains of:
a) nucleotides
b) amino acids
c) chromosomes
d) cytosines
b) amino acids
___________ is the study of all mechanisms of inheritance other than the genetic code and its expression:
a) epigenetics
b) the human genome project
c) evolutionary psychology
d) polyheritance
a) epigenetics
In a class study by Cooper and Zubek (1958), maze-dull rats made significantly more errors than maze-bright rats only if they has been reared in:
a) an enriched environment
b) a natural habitat
c) isolation
d) an impoverished environment
d) an impoverished environment
In most modern hospitals, the blood of new born infants is routinely screened for:
a) high levels of protein
b) high levels of phenylalanine
c) high levels of amino acids
d) high levels of DNA
b) high levels of phenylalanine
In canaries, the anterior forebrain pathway mediates:
a) song production
b) song pitch identification
c) song learning
d) song interpretation
c) song learning
In studies of disease-discordant monozygotic twin pairs, one searches each pair for _________, focusing on those areas of DNA that are thought to be involved in the disorder
a) epigenetic differences
b) genetic differences
c) mutations
d) amino acid differences
a) epigenetic differences
_____ matter is composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons:
a) white
b) dura
c) gray
d) golgi
c) gray
_______ matter is composed largely myelinated axons:
a) golgi
b) white
c) gray
d) dura
b) white
pairs of spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord at ______ different levels of the spine:
a) 22
b) 62
c) 31
d) 72
c) 31
Dorsal root axons are sensory unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped together just outside the cord to form the dorsal
a) horn
b) root ganglia
c) efferents
d) gray matter
b) root ganglia
there are thee swellings that occur at the anterior end of a fluid-filled tube in the developing embryo. These three swellings eventually develop into the adult
a) telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon
b) mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon
c) forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
d) diencephalon, metencephalon, and mesencephalon
c) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
The _______ is anterior to the myelencephalon:
a) telencephalon
b) metencephalon
c) mesencephalon
d) all of the above
b) metencephalon
In humans and in other vertebrates, the _______ undergoes the greatest growth during development
a) diencephalon
b) metencephalon
c) telencephalon
d) mesencephalon
c) telencephalon
The myelencephalon is commonly referred to as the:
a) medulla
b) corpus callosum
c) thalamus
d) cingulate gyrus
a) medulla
the _______ is an area of the cortex that is not neocortex - It has only three layers:
a) hypothalamus
b) hippocampus
c) caudate
d) cingulate cortex
b) hippocampus
________ are large multipolar neurons with pyramid-shaped cell bodies:
a) pyramidal cells
b) stellate cells
c) oligodendrocytes
d) multipolar cells
a) pyramidal cells
The _____ is part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment. It is composed of _______ nerves that carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and so on, to the central nervous system and ______ nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles:
a) autonomic nervous system; efferent; afferent
b) somatic nervous system; afferent; efferent
c) somatic nervous system; efferent; afferent
d) autonomic nervous system; afferent; efferent
b) somatic nervous system; afferent; efferent
the degree to which therapeutic or recreational drugs can influence brain activity depends on the ease with which they penetrate the:
a) somatic nervous system
b) blood-brain barrier
c) cranial nerves
d) peripheral nervous system
b) blood-brain barrier
Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all are called:
a) unipolar neurons
b) axonic neurons
c) gap neurons
d) interneurons
d) interneurons
______ are glial cells that respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris or even entire cells:
a) Schwann cells
b) Oligodendroglia
c) microglia
d) Astroglia
c) microglia
________ methods are sued when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area:
a) Golgi tracing
b) retrograde tracing
c) anterograde tracing
d) nissl tracing
b) retrograde tracing
psychology/biopsychology has its historical roots in:
a) biology
b) chemistry
c) philosophy
d) psychology is a young science with no historical roots
c) philosophy
who established psychology as an academic discipline at Queen’s university:
a) richard beninger
b) hans dringenberg
c) donald hebb
d) george humphry
d) george humphrey
one of the fundamental differences between philosophy and psychology is the fact that
a) only philosophy deals with the nature of human experience
b) only psychology attempts to understand consciousness in all species
c) only psychology has evolved into an empirical science
d) only philosophy has the answers to fundamental questions of human nature
c) only psycholgoy has evolved into an empirical science
rats are able to discriminate
a) their own behavioural state
b) walking from grooming
c) rearing from grooming
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
cross-modal brain plasticity refers to:
a) the ability of the brain to recover from brain damage
b) shifts in the functional organization of the brain between sensory modalities
c) shifts in the functional organization of the brain within one sensory modality
d) the disappearance of an anatomical brain area that is not used
b) shifts in the functional organization of the brain between sensory modalities
neurons in are MT are responsive to:
a) touch
b) emotional face expressions
c) visual motion
d) tone sequences
c) visual motion
applying stimulation to the occipital lobe/ visual cortex during braille reading will:
a) interfere with reading performance
b) enhance reading performance
c) improve visual perception
d) cause participants to learn braille at a faster rate
a) interfere with reading performance
you know how to define cross-modal brain plasticity. how would you define intra-modal plasticity?
a) the enlargement of a brain area that is deprived of input
b) shifts in the functional organization of the brain within a sensory modality
c) it is the same as cross-modal plasticity
d) none of the above are an appropriate definition
b) shifts in the functional organization of the brain within a sensory modality
imagine you lose one finger of your hand due to an accident. What might happen to the brain representation of that finger?
a) neurons representing the lost finger will die off
b) neurons representing the lost finger might become responsive to inputs from the remaining fingers
c) same as (b) but only in adult individuals
d) same as (b) but to a greater extent in young individuals
d) same as (b), but to a greater extent in young individuals
Epigenetics refers to
a) changes in the genetic code
b) changes in DNA transcription
c) changes in mRNA translation
d) inheritance mechanisms not direct related to the genetic code
d) inheritance mechanisms not directly related to the genetic code
dias and ressler (2014) found that the offspring of mice that had learned to fear a specific odor
a) do not respond to that odor
b) are more likely to approach that odor
c) show a startle response to that odor
d) avoid that odor
c) show a startle response to that odor
the mechanism for the epigenetic effect was:
a) histone remodeling
b) increased DNA methylation
c) decreased DNA methylation
d) changes in DNA structure
c) decreased DNA methylation
describing the appearance and localization of the gyri of the human brain is part of:
a) gross neuroanatomy
b) functional neuroanatomy
c) cellular anatomy
d) all of above
a) gross neuroanatomy
the field of neuroanatomy started with the anatomical studies conducted by…..
a) Camillo Golgi
b) Hans Dringenberg
c) Zacharias Janssen
d) George Humphrey
e) None of the Above
e) none of the above
which of the following inventions revolutionized the field of neuroanatomy?
a) the microscope
b) the Golgi stain
c) electron microscopy
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
Ramon y Cajal was….
a) a proponent of the neuron doctrine
b) a supported of the reticular theory
c) the inventory of the “black reaction”
d) the inventor of the electron microscopy
a) a proponent of the neuron doctrine
one of the major cell types in the cortex are:
a) interform cells
b) fusiform cells
c) circular cells
d) pyramidal cells
d) pyramidal cells
environmental enrichment increases:
a) cortex weight
b) corpus callosum thickness
c) dendritic length and branching
d) spine density
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
enrichment can involve
a) increased social interactions
b) increased physical activity
c) increased exploration
d) increased sensory stimulation
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
enrichment improves cognitive performance
a) only in young animals
b) only in old animals
c) most dramatically in young animals
d) most dramatically in old animals
d) most dramatically in old animals
some characteristics of enriched environments include
a) high levels of chronic stress
b) carrying out routine
c) cognitive demands
d) comfort and reduced physical activity
c) cognitive demands
stress and impoverished environments have…
a) similar effects on brain anatomy
b) opposing effects on brain anatomy
c) no effects on brain anatomy
d) positive effects on brain anatomy
a) similar effects on brain anatomy
which of the following have been associated with living in a residential school?
a) eating disorders
b) insomnia
c) emotional abuse
d) drug abuse
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
