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PSYC 271, Brain & Behaviour > Quiz 2: Evolution, Genetics, & Experience/ Nervous System > Flashcards

Quiz 2: Evolution, Genetics, & Experience/ Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

The two genes, one on each chromosome of a pair, that control the same trait are called…

a) genotypes
b) phenotypes
c) alleles
d) dominants
e) gametes

A

c) alleles

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2
Q

Darwin suggested a mechanism for evolution:

a) genes
b) natural selection
c) sex
d) all of the above
e) none of the above

A

b) natural selection

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3
Q

The CNS is composed of two major divisions: the

a) ANS and PNS
b) brain and brain stem
c) SNS and ANS
d) spinal cord and brain stem
e) none of the above

A

e) none of the above

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4
Q

Mendel’s early experiments challenged the central premise upon which previous ideas about inheritance had rested. This was the premise that…

a) there is only one gene for each trait
b) white seeds are dominant
c) there are two genes for each trait
d) some traits are dominant and some are recessive
e) offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents

A

e) offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents

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5
Q

Which of the following statements about evolution is correct?

a) evolution proceeds in a straight line (towards a goal)
b) humans have existed for most of the earth’s history
c) evolution is a slow, gradual process of adapting to a changing environment
d) there are more species in existence today than during all other times throughout evolution
e) some existing behaviours or body features that have evolved are not adaptive

A

e) some existing behaviours or body features that have evolved are not adaptive

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6
Q

In general, afferent nerves carry sensory information

a) from the brain
b) from the CNS
c) to the PNS
d) from the cortex
e) to the CNS

A

e) to the CNS

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7
Q

A cross-section of the spinal cord gray matter reveals four arms; among these are the two

a) ventral horns
b) ventral routes
c) lateral roots
d) lateral horns
e) ventral roots

A

a) ventral horns

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8
Q

Synaptic vesicles tend to be most prevalent in the

a) button
b) dendrites
c) nucleus
d) postsynaptic membranes
e) nodes of Ranvier

A

a) button

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9
Q

Social dominance is an important factor in evolution because dominant males often

a) kill their competitors
b) kill their mates
c) produce more offspring than non-dominant males
d) become seriously injured
e) are much larger

A

c) produce more offspring than non-dominant males

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10
Q

The experiment by Beninger and Vanderwolf asking if rats are able to discriminate their own behaviour showed that

a) rats know if they are walking or grooming
b) rats do not have the ability to monitor their own behaviour
c) rats know if they are swimming or climbing
d) rats know if they are eating or drinking
e) a, c, and d are all correct

A

a) rats know if they are walking or grooming

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11
Q

Each strand of DNA is a sequence of ________ bases

a) deoxyribonucleic
b) thymine
c) nucleotide
d) codons
e) protein

A

c) nucleotide

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12
Q

Convergent evolution produces structures that are

a) convergent
b) analogous
c) homologous
d) both a and c
e) both b and c

A

b) analogous

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13
Q

The neurons of the dorsal roots are

a) bipolar
b) sensory
c) tracts
d) multipolar polar
e) motor

A

b) sensory

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14
Q

The myelencephalon is also often called the

a) hypothalamus
b) cortex
c) midbrain
d) brain stem
e) medulla

A

e) medulla

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15
Q

CNS is to PNS as oligodendrocytes are to

a) glial cells
b) microglia
c) oligoaxonocytes
d) Schwann cells
e) astrocytes

A

d) Schwann cells

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16
Q

What mechanism can explain the transmission of specific behavioural responses to threatening objects or situations experienced by the parents to their own offspring?

a) trans-genetics
b) epigenetics
c) genetics
d) quasi-genetics
e) genomics

A

b) epigenetics

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17
Q

________ matter is composed largely of myelinated axons

a) gray
b) golgi
c) soma
d) dura
e) white

A

e) white

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18
Q

A major purpose of Chapter 2 of Biopsychology is to teach you NOT to think about the biology of behaviour in terms of

a) Cartesian dualism
b) the brain
c) traditional dichotomies
d) instinct
e) psychology

A

c) traditional dichotomies

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19
Q

The sensitive period for the development of a particular trait is the period

a) of sexual receptivity
b) of fertility
c) during which a particular experience must occur to have a major effect on the development of the trait
d) of neural regeneration
e) of chronic pain

A

c) during which a particular experience must occur to have a major effect on the development of the trait

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20
Q

Identical is to fraternal as

a) culture is to experience
b) monozygotic is to dizygotic
c) two is to one
d) polyzygotic is to monozygotic
e) dizygotic is to monozygotic

A

b) monozygotic is to dizygotic

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21
Q

The Golgi stain allows scientist to visualize

a) only dendritic spines
b) every single neuron in the brain simultaneously
c) the cell body (soma)
d) an entire neuron
e) only axons

A

d) an entire neuron

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22
Q

Which of the following two factors produce similar effects on neuron structure?

a) stress and environmental enrichment
b) social housing and stress
c) stress and impoverished housing
d) exercise and impoverished housing
e) none of the above

A

c) stress and impoverished housing

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23
Q

The direction toward the back of your head is

a) posterior
b) dorsal
c) anterior
d) inferior
e) ventral

A

a) posterior

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24
Q

Applying stimulation to the occipital lobe/visual cortex during Braille reading in blind individuals will

a) interfere with reading performance
b) improve visual perception
c) enhance reading performance
d) cause participants to learn Braille at a faster rate
e) has no effects on reading performance

A

a) interfere with reading performance

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25
Q

The study of animal behaviour in the wild is known as:

a) ethology
b) monozygotic
c) translation
d) transcription

A

a) ethology

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26
Q

In an attempt to provide convincing evidence of self-awareness, Gallup (1983) devised a clever test: each chimpanzee in his experiment was:

a) shown a video of another chimpanzee that had its eyebrows painted red
b) put in front of a mirror
c) exposed to a conspecific
d) exposed to a human experimenter

A

b) put in front of a mirror

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27
Q

Darwin was not the first to suggest that species involve from pre-existing species, but he was the first to:

a) write about it
b) suggest how evolution occurs
c) amass a large body of supporting evidence
d) both b and C

A

d) both b and c

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28
Q

why is social dominance an important factor in evolution?

a) because it increases the likelihood of transcription
b) because it produces healthier offspring
c) because, in some species, dominant females are more likely to produce more and healthier offspring
d) because it leads to unnatural selection

A

c) because, in some species, dominant females are more likely to produce more and healthier offspring

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29
Q

apes are thought to have evolved from a line of

a) hominins
b) old-world monkey’s
c) amphibians
d) new-world monkeys

A

b) old-world monkeys

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30
Q

the evolution of the scrotum illustrates that evolution

a) is more like a bush than a ladder
b) always proceeds to perfection
c) does not progress to preordained perfection
d) is more like a sac than a ball

A

d) does not progress to preordained perfection

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31
Q

during the course of evolution of the human brain there has been a(n):

a) increase the size of the brain’s ventricles
b) decrease in the size of the brain stem
c) decrease in the size of the cerebrum
d) increase in the number of convolutions

A

d) increase in the number of convolutions

32
Q

___________ is an arrangement in which one male forms mating bonds with more than one female:

a) polygyny
b) monogamy
c) polyfemale
d) polyandry

A

a) polygyny

33
Q

Humans have _______ pairs of chromosomes:

a) 46
b) 18
c) 36
d) 23

A

d) 23

34
Q

Proteins are long chains of:

a) nucleotides
b) amino acids
c) chromosomes
d) cytosines

A

b) amino acids

35
Q

___________ is the study of all mechanisms of inheritance other than the genetic code and its expression:

a) epigenetics
b) the human genome project
c) evolutionary psychology
d) polyheritance

A

a) epigenetics

36
Q

In a class study by Cooper and Zubek (1958), maze-dull rats made significantly more errors than maze-bright rats only if they has been reared in:

a) an enriched environment
b) a natural habitat
c) isolation
d) an impoverished environment

A

d) an impoverished environment

37
Q

In most modern hospitals, the blood of new born infants is routinely screened for:

a) high levels of protein
b) high levels of phenylalanine
c) high levels of amino acids
d) high levels of DNA

A

b) high levels of phenylalanine

38
Q

In canaries, the anterior forebrain pathway mediates:

a) song production
b) song pitch identification
c) song learning
d) song interpretation

A

c) song learning

39
Q

In studies of disease-discordant monozygotic twin pairs, one searches each pair for _________, focusing on those areas of DNA that are thought to be involved in the disorder

a) epigenetic differences
b) genetic differences
c) mutations
d) amino acid differences

A

a) epigenetic differences

40
Q

_____ matter is composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons:

a) white
b) dura
c) gray
d) golgi

A

c) gray

41
Q

_______ matter is composed largely myelinated axons:

a) golgi
b) white
c) gray
d) dura

A

b) white

42
Q

pairs of spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord at ______ different levels of the spine:

a) 22
b) 62
c) 31
d) 72

A

c) 31

43
Q

Dorsal root axons are sensory unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped together just outside the cord to form the dorsal

a) horn
b) root ganglia
c) efferents
d) gray matter

A

b) root ganglia

44
Q

there are thee swellings that occur at the anterior end of a fluid-filled tube in the developing embryo. These three swellings eventually develop into the adult

a) telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon
b) mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon
c) forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
d) diencephalon, metencephalon, and mesencephalon

A

c) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

45
Q

The _______ is anterior to the myelencephalon:

a) telencephalon
b) metencephalon
c) mesencephalon
d) all of the above

A

b) metencephalon

46
Q

In humans and in other vertebrates, the _______ undergoes the greatest growth during development

a) diencephalon
b) metencephalon
c) telencephalon
d) mesencephalon

A

c) telencephalon

47
Q

The myelencephalon is commonly referred to as the:

a) medulla
b) corpus callosum
c) thalamus
d) cingulate gyrus

A

a) medulla

48
Q

the _______ is an area of the cortex that is not neocortex - It has only three layers:

a) hypothalamus
b) hippocampus
c) caudate
d) cingulate cortex

A

b) hippocampus

49
Q

________ are large multipolar neurons with pyramid-shaped cell bodies:

a) pyramidal cells
b) stellate cells
c) oligodendrocytes
d) multipolar cells

A

a) pyramidal cells

50
Q

The _____ is part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment. It is composed of _______ nerves that carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and so on, to the central nervous system and ______ nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles:

a) autonomic nervous system; efferent; afferent
b) somatic nervous system; afferent; efferent
c) somatic nervous system; efferent; afferent
d) autonomic nervous system; afferent; efferent

A

b) somatic nervous system; afferent; efferent

51
Q

the degree to which therapeutic or recreational drugs can influence brain activity depends on the ease with which they penetrate the:

a) somatic nervous system
b) blood-brain barrier
c) cranial nerves
d) peripheral nervous system

A

b) blood-brain barrier

52
Q

Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all are called:

a) unipolar neurons
b) axonic neurons
c) gap neurons
d) interneurons

A

d) interneurons

53
Q

______ are glial cells that respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris or even entire cells:

a) Schwann cells
b) Oligodendroglia
c) microglia
d) Astroglia

A

c) microglia

54
Q

________ methods are sued when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area:

a) Golgi tracing
b) retrograde tracing
c) anterograde tracing
d) nissl tracing

A

b) retrograde tracing

55
Q

psychology/biopsychology has its historical roots in:

a) biology
b) chemistry
c) philosophy
d) psychology is a young science with no historical roots

A

c) philosophy

56
Q

who established psychology as an academic discipline at Queen’s university:

a) richard beninger
b) hans dringenberg
c) donald hebb
d) george humphry

A

d) george humphrey

57
Q

one of the fundamental differences between philosophy and psychology is the fact that

a) only philosophy deals with the nature of human experience
b) only psychology attempts to understand consciousness in all species
c) only psychology has evolved into an empirical science
d) only philosophy has the answers to fundamental questions of human nature

A

c) only psycholgoy has evolved into an empirical science

58
Q

rats are able to discriminate

a) their own behavioural state
b) walking from grooming
c) rearing from grooming
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

59
Q

cross-modal brain plasticity refers to:

a) the ability of the brain to recover from brain damage
b) shifts in the functional organization of the brain between sensory modalities
c) shifts in the functional organization of the brain within one sensory modality
d) the disappearance of an anatomical brain area that is not used

A

b) shifts in the functional organization of the brain between sensory modalities

60
Q

neurons in are MT are responsive to:

a) touch
b) emotional face expressions
c) visual motion
d) tone sequences

A

c) visual motion

61
Q

applying stimulation to the occipital lobe/ visual cortex during braille reading will:

a) interfere with reading performance
b) enhance reading performance
c) improve visual perception
d) cause participants to learn braille at a faster rate

A

a) interfere with reading performance

62
Q

you know how to define cross-modal brain plasticity. how would you define intra-modal plasticity?

a) the enlargement of a brain area that is deprived of input
b) shifts in the functional organization of the brain within a sensory modality
c) it is the same as cross-modal plasticity
d) none of the above are an appropriate definition

A

b) shifts in the functional organization of the brain within a sensory modality

63
Q

imagine you lose one finger of your hand due to an accident. What might happen to the brain representation of that finger?

a) neurons representing the lost finger will die off
b) neurons representing the lost finger might become responsive to inputs from the remaining fingers
c) same as (b) but only in adult individuals
d) same as (b) but to a greater extent in young individuals

A

d) same as (b), but to a greater extent in young individuals

64
Q

Epigenetics refers to

a) changes in the genetic code
b) changes in DNA transcription
c) changes in mRNA translation
d) inheritance mechanisms not direct related to the genetic code

A

d) inheritance mechanisms not directly related to the genetic code

65
Q

dias and ressler (2014) found that the offspring of mice that had learned to fear a specific odor

a) do not respond to that odor
b) are more likely to approach that odor
c) show a startle response to that odor
d) avoid that odor

A

c) show a startle response to that odor

66
Q

the mechanism for the epigenetic effect was:

a) histone remodeling
b) increased DNA methylation
c) decreased DNA methylation
d) changes in DNA structure

A

c) decreased DNA methylation

67
Q

describing the appearance and localization of the gyri of the human brain is part of:

a) gross neuroanatomy
b) functional neuroanatomy
c) cellular anatomy
d) all of above

A

a) gross neuroanatomy

68
Q

the field of neuroanatomy started with the anatomical studies conducted by…..

a) Camillo Golgi
b) Hans Dringenberg
c) Zacharias Janssen
d) George Humphrey
e) None of the Above

A

e) none of the above

69
Q

which of the following inventions revolutionized the field of neuroanatomy?

a) the microscope
b) the Golgi stain
c) electron microscopy
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

70
Q

Ramon y Cajal was….

a) a proponent of the neuron doctrine
b) a supported of the reticular theory
c) the inventory of the “black reaction”
d) the inventor of the electron microscopy

A

a) a proponent of the neuron doctrine

71
Q

one of the major cell types in the cortex are:

a) interform cells
b) fusiform cells
c) circular cells
d) pyramidal cells

A

d) pyramidal cells

72
Q

environmental enrichment increases:

a) cortex weight
b) corpus callosum thickness
c) dendritic length and branching
d) spine density
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

73
Q

enrichment can involve

a) increased social interactions
b) increased physical activity
c) increased exploration
d) increased sensory stimulation
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

74
Q

enrichment improves cognitive performance

a) only in young animals
b) only in old animals
c) most dramatically in young animals
d) most dramatically in old animals

A

d) most dramatically in old animals

75
Q

some characteristics of enriched environments include

a) high levels of chronic stress
b) carrying out routine
c) cognitive demands
d) comfort and reduced physical activity

A

c) cognitive demands

76
Q

stress and impoverished environments have…

a) similar effects on brain anatomy
b) opposing effects on brain anatomy
c) no effects on brain anatomy
d) positive effects on brain anatomy

A

a) similar effects on brain anatomy

77
Q

which of the following have been associated with living in a residential school?

a) eating disorders
b) insomnia
c) emotional abuse
d) drug abuse
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

PSYC 271, Brain & Behaviour (8 decks)

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