Quiz 6: Chapter 7

Question 1

reinforcement

Answer 1

increases chances of observing a behavior

Question 2

punishment

Answer 2

reduces chances of observing a behavior

Question 3

skinners box

Answer 3

B.F. Skinner
- chamber created to test small animals, reinforcing their positive behavior and minimizing the negative

Question 4

positive reinforcement

Answer 4

the process of rewarding or reinforcing desirable behavior in order to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future

Question 5

negative reinforcement

Answer 5

when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior

Question 6

positive punishment

Answer 6

when you add a consequence to unwanted behavior

Question 7

negative punishment

Answer 7

remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior

Question 8

influencing behavior

Answer 8

both positive (reinforcement) and negative (punishment) approaches
- commonly use 2-1 ratio or 5-1 ratio, coach applies 2 positive and one “negative”

Question 9

types of reinforcement

Answer 9

social, material, activity, special outings

Question 10

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 10

continuous and intermittent
fixed ratio (number)/variable ratio vs variable interval (time)/fixed interval

Question 11

continuous

Answer 11

better in early stages of learning where immediate reinforcement is needed

Question 12

intermittent

Answer 12

better in later stages of learning where a partial schedule is more effective

Question 13

shaping behavior

Answer 13

allows people to continue to improve as they get closer and closer to the desired response
- start broad, break it down into easy lessons, then narrow down the requirements along the process

Question 14

What should be rewarded?

Answer 14

• performance, not just the outcome
• effort (effort-oriented feedback leads to better performances)
• emotional and social skills

Question 15

types of feedback

Answer 15

knowledge of performance and knowledge of results

Question 16

knowledge of performance

Answer 16

knowledge about the movement pattern that was used to accomplish the task goal

Question 17

knowledge of results

Answer 17

refers to information about the outcome of the action

Question 18

punishment advantages vs criticisms

Answer 18

• ad: control & change neg. behavior; accountability
• cr: can be degrading; generates fear of failure; shows what should not be done

Question 19

effective punishment

Answer 19

allow input; consistency; punish behavior not person; physical activity is not punishment; no yelling, etc.

Question 20

intrinsic motivation

Answer 20

motivation from within

Question 21

extrinsic motivation

Answer 21

motivation from outer influences

Question 22

social factors influencing motivation

Answer 22

success and failure; focus on competition; coaches behavior

Question 23

psychological factors influencing motivation

Answer 23

need for competence, autonomy, and relatedness (social determination theory)
- increases intrinsic motivation

Question 24

cognitive evaluation theory

Answer 24

explains the cause of intrinsic motivation
- any events affecting the perception of competence and feeling of self-determination will affect intrinsic motivation

Question 25

motivational feedback

Answer 25

attempts to: enhance confidence, serve as a valuable reinforcement to the performer, establish goal-setting programs

Question 26

instructional feedback

Answer 26

provides info on:
specific behaviors that should be performed, levels of proficiency that should be achieved, and the performer’s current level of skills and activities

Question 27

integrated regulation

Answer 27

activity is viewed as important because of a valued outcome

Question 28

identified regulation

Answer 28

participation due to wants for personal growth rather than “ought”

Question 29

introjected regulation

Answer 29

motivated by pressures but is regulated by external contingencies

Question 30

harmonious passion

Answer 30

strong desire to engage in activity bc it becomes a part of one’s identity

Question 31

obsessive passion

Answer 31

uncontrollable desire to participate and it is not part of an identity

Question 32

mindfulness

Answer 32

the nonjudgmental focus of one’s attention on the experience that occurs in the present moment

Question 33

dissociative strategy

Answer 33

focusing concentration away from the task

Question 34

associative strategies

Answer 34

using positive motivational self talks etc.