Quiz 2: Chapter 3

Question 1

define personality

Answer 1

stable individual patterns of cognition, affect, and behavior

Question 2

approaches to personality

Answer 2

psychodynamic, trait, situation, interactional, phenomenological, integrative (biopsychosocial)

Question 3

psychodynamic approach

Answer 3

focuses on the unconscious mind and understanding the person as a whole rather than identifying isolated traits or dispositions; Sigmund Freud popularized this concept; Erwin Apitzsch; Strean and Strean

Question 4

Sigmund Freud

Answer 4

ID (instinctive drive), Superego (one’s moral conscience), ego (the conscious personality) concepts

Question 5

trait approach

Answer 5

assumes that personality is enduring and consistent across situations and that psychological traits predispose individuals to behave in consistent ways regardless of the situation; the big 5; maladaptive v. adaptive perfectionism

Question 6

the big 5

Answer 6

O - openness to experience
C - conscientiousness
E - extraversion
A - agreeableness
N - neuroticism/emotional stability

Question 7

Adaptive vs. Maladaptive Perfectionism

Answer 7

adaptive: positive, set achievable goals, focus on doing things right
maladaptive: negative, set unreachable goals, focus on avoiding errors

Question 8

situation approach

Answer 8

behavior is mostly determined by the environment or situation; focuses only on the context and not the person; Albert Bandura

Question 9

Interactional approach

Answer 9

focuses on the situation and the person and the interaction between the two

Question 10

Albert Bandura

Answer 10

social learning concept: learning from things in our environment
doll experiment with kids

Question 11

Phenomenological approach

Answer 11

most commonly used; focuses on the person’s understanding of themselves and their environment rather than traits

Question 12

integrative (biopsychosocial) approach

Answer 12

Biology: physical health, genetics, drug effects
Social: peers, family circumstances
Psychological: coping skills, social skills, self-esteem, family relationships
- how these three factors affect the person and come together to form their personality

Question 13

trait v. state

Answer 13

trait: typical tendencies, consistent over time, less affected by social cues; ex-kindness, shyness
state: temporary behavior, short-lived, results of social cues; ex-fear, excitation
- “in general” vs. “now”

Question 14

social desirability

Answer 14

how one wants to be perceived knowing what is being expected

Question 15

guidelines from APA

Answer 15

social desirability, reliability and validity, explanation and feedback, intraindividual approach (norms vs baseline), assess specific personality components

Question 16

morgan’s iceberg profile (1980)

Answer 16

• the mental health model: directly related to athletic success and high levels of performance
• POMS: profile of mood state
• assessed that more successful athletes exhibit the iceberg
  profile and more positive mental health than those who are less successful

Question 17

three levels of personality

Answer 17

role-related behavior, typical responses, psychological core

Question 18

psychological core

Answer 18

centerpiece of personality; the “real you”

Question 19

typical responses

Answer 19

ways we each learn to adjust to the environment or how we usually respond to the world around us

Question 20

role-related behavior

Answer 20

how you act based on what you perceive your social situation to be; most changeable aspect of personality

Question 21

Erwin Apitzsch (1995)

Answer 21

swedish sport psychologist who measured defense mechanisms such as denial in athletes and used this information to help performers better cope with stress and anxiety

Question 22

Strean & Strean (1998)

Answer 22

discussed how psychodynamic concepts can be used to explain athlete behavior; not just maladaptive but normal personality as well

Question 23

Gaskin, Andersen, and Morris (2009, 2010)

Answer 23

case studies demonstrating how a psychodynamic approach can help in understanding deep and often unconscious issues such as poor self-image, identification with people who do not have disabilities, and compliance that may arise in those with physical disabilities