Quiz 5: Chapter 6 Flashcards
competition
a social process that occurs when rewards are given to people based on how their performances compare to the performances of others participating in the same event
cooperation
a social process through which performance is evaluated and rewarded in terms of collective achievement of a group of people working together to reach a particular goal
Which is more successful?
based on task complexity, or how complex a task is determining which has higher success, cooperation is more successful
four stages of competition are…
objective competitive situation, subjective competitive situation, response, and consequences
objective competitive situation
“an individual’s performance is
compared with some standard of excellence, in the presence of at least one other person who is aware of the criterion for comparison”
subjective competitive situation
evaluating the situation (perception, acceptance, appraisal of objective)
3 types of competitive orientations
competitiveness (enjoyment of competition), win orientation (winning more important than personal standards), and goal orientation (improving own performance)
Response
a response to compete can occur at the behavioral, physiological, or psychological level, or at all three levels
Consequences
are positive or negative, based on athletes’ perceptions positive can be a success, and negative can be a failure
Tripplett’s Cyclists 1898
Norman Tripplett; found that cyclists were faster when racing against or with another cyclist than when racing alone against the clock; discovered face-to-face competition enhances performance
Deutsch’s Puzzles 1949
Morton Deutsch; students participate in puzzle solving with a competitive condition vs cooperation condition
- competitive: winner rewarded (self-centered, poor communication conflict)
- cooperation: group ranking (communication, sharing info, friendships)
competition in girls v. boys?
- Boys play competitive games more frequently than girls do.
- Girls play in predominantly male groups more often than boys play games in predominantly female groups.
- Girls’ games are more spontaneous, imaginative, and freer in structure than boys’ games.
- Boys see themselves as more physically skilled than girls see themselves, even though gender differences in actual skill levels are small or nonexistent.
decompetition
opponents see each other as rivals, striving against each other to win the competition.
competition good or bad?
it is not necessarily good or bad, it can lead to both positive and negative outcomes
examples of four stages
OCS: You go out alone for a 3-mile jog, setting a goal for yourself to run this distance in 21 minutes
SCS: one gymnast may look forward to competing in a championship meet as a means of gaining experience, whereas another gymnast facing the same objective situation may dread the upcoming meet
Response: a physiological level, your response might be that your heart starts to beat faster, and your
hands become cold and clammy
Consequences: although you might have lost the game, you might still perceive the outcome as positive if you played well and met your own standard of excellence.