Quiz 3: Chapter 4

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

refers to the direction and intensity of a person’s effort toward their activities

Question 2

direction of effort

Answer 2

refers to whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to certain situations

Question 3

intensity of effort

Answer 3

refers to how much effort a person puts forth in a particular situation

Question 4

trait-centered orientation (participant-centered view)

Answer 4

that motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics
- the personality, needs, and goals of a student, athlete, or exerciser are the primary determinants of motivated behavior

Question 5

situation-centered orientation

Answer 5

that motivation level is determined primarily by situation
- ex: Brittany might be
motivated in her aerobic exercise class but unmotivated in a competitive sports situation.

Question 6

interactional view

Answer 6

formulates that behavior is a function of the person and situation and how they interact with each other (best way to understand motivation)

Question 7

sorrentino and sheppard (1978)

Answer 7

studied male and female swimmers from different universities as they swam a 200yd freestyle individually and then as a team
- the objective of the study was to see whether each swimmer was oriented more toward social approval or toward rejection and how their motivational orientation influenced their performance

Question 8

5 guideline of motivation

Answer 8

• consider both situations and traits in motivating people
• understand people’s multiple motives for involvement
• change the environment to enhance motivation
• influence motivation
• use behavior modification to change participants’ undesirable motives

Question 9

1.) situations and traits matter

Answer 9

To enhance motivation, you must analyze and respond not only to a player’s personality but also to the interaction of personal and situational characteristics. Because motivations may change over time, you should continue to monitor people’s motives for
participation even months after they’ve begun

Question 10

2.) understand people’s multiple motives

Answer 10

• Gill et al. (2017), a study of motivation for children v. Wankel, 1980 a study of motivation for adults. adults and children tend to share the same motives however adults have more health motives
• 3 general needs: competence, autonomy, social connectedness

Question 11

3.) change the environment to enhance motivation

Answer 11

To enhance motivation, structure teaching and coaching environments to meet the needs of all participants
- competition and recreation, multiple opportunities, adjust to individual groups

Question 12

4.) influence motivation

Answer 12

• attitude and optimal competitive conditions, uncertain outcomes

Question 13

5.) use behavior modification to change undesirable motives

Answer 13

achievement motivation and competitiveness

Question 14

Theories of Achievement Motivation

Answer 14

• need achievement theory
• attribution theory
• achievement goal theory

Question 15

Need Achievement Theory

Answer 15

an interactional view that considers both personal and situational factors as important predictors of behavior
- 5 motives: personality factors or motives; situational factors; resultant tendency; emotional reactions; achievement behaviors

Question 16

Attribution Theory

Answer 16

focuses on how people explain their successes and failures