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Comparative Anatomy > Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Hollow, muscular, & distensible/elastic organ
Sits on pelvic floor
Collects urine from kidneys (<500ml at a time)
Micturition (peeing) occurs @ 200ml

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2
Q

External urethral muscle

A

Striated
Surrounds urethra
Voluntary sphincter to retain urine
Innervated by pudendal nerve

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3
Q

Anatomy of female reproductive system

A 
Uterine horns
Ovaries
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Vestibule
Clitoris
Vulva
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4
Q

Cervix

A

Caudal portion of uterus

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5
Q

Vagina

A

Located between cervix and vestibule

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6
Q

Clitoris

A

Female homologue of penis, located in floor of vestibule near vulva

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7
Q

Vulva

A

External part of female reproductive tract

Includes the two labia

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8
Q

Anal sacs

A 
Also called: sinus paranalis
Pea-marble shaped
Located between inner smooth & outer striated sphincter muscles
Glands exist in walls
Function: territorial scent marking
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9
Q

Prostate gland

A

Accessory sex gland
Completely surrounds neck of bladder & beginning of urethra
Urethra runs through center of prostate gland

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10
Q

urethra

A 
Composed of:
Pelvic part (within pelvis)
Penile part (within penis)
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11
Q

Urethral crest

A

Lumen area of the pelvic urethra where deferent ducts open into

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12
Q

Glans

A

Bulbus glandis
Pars longa glandis
Os penis
Prepuce

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13
Q

Bulbus glandis

A

Surrounds proximal end of os penis
Corpus spongiosum tissue
Highly vascularized tissue
Swells upon thrusting (creates “coital tie” during copulation)

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14
Q

Pars longa glandis

A

Overlaps the distal half of bulbus glandis to the end
Partially encircles os penis & urethra
Separated from bulbus glandis by connective tissue

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15
Q

Os penis

A

Ventral groove, passage of urethra
Lies within the glans
Bone ends as pointed fibrocartilage, dorsal to urethral opening (protection)

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16
Q

Prepuce

A 
Tubular sheath (fold of skin) reflected over glans 
Has fornix of prepuce
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17
Q

Fornix of prepuce

A

Internal layer reflected onto the glans

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18
Q

Innervation of penis

A

Sympathetic: hypogastric n.
Parasympathetic: pelvic n.
Sensory: pudendal n. (branch of sacral plexus)

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19
Q

Penis

A

Contains:
Root
Body
Glans

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20
Q

Root of penis

A 
Formed by l. & r. crura originating at ischiatic tuberosities
Composed of corpus cavernous tissue
Ends at body of penis
Muscles:
Ichiocavernosus m. (skeletal)
Retractor penis m. (smooth & striated)
Bulbospongiosus m. (skeletal)
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21
Q

Corpus cavernous tissue

A

Supplied by deep a. of penis

Surrounded by tunica albuginea

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22
Q

Body of penis

A

Extends from root to glans (caudal to prepuce)
Corpus cavernosum tissue
Median septum separates l. & r. crus
Ventral groove contains corpus spongiosum tissue surrounding urethra
Flexible region

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23
Q

Arteries of pelvic limb

A 
Lateral circumflex femoral a.
Deep femoral a.
Caudal femoral a.
Caudal gluteal a.
Cranial tibial a.
Popliteal a.
Distal caudal femoral a.
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24
Q

Lateral circumflex femoral a.

A

Innervate: cranial thigh muscles (extension of stifle: quadriceps femoris)
Nerve supply: femoral n.

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25
Q

Deep femoral & caudal femoral a.

A

Innervate: medial thigh muscles (adductors of pelvic limb: gracilis)
Nerve supply: obturator n.

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26
Q

Deep femoral, caudal femoral, & caudal gluteal a.

A

Innervate: Caudal thigh muscles (flexors & extensors of stifle/extensors of hip: biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
Nerve supply: sciatic n.

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27
Q

Cranial tibial a.

A

Innervate: cranial muscles of crus (Flexors of tarsus: cranial tibial, fibularis longus; Extensor of digits: long digital extensor)
Nerve supply: common fibular n.
Located between cranial tibial and long digital extensor mm.

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28
Q

Popliteal & distal caudal femoral a.

A

Innervate: caudal muscles of crus (rotator of stifle: popliteus; extensor of tarsus: gastrocnemius; flexors of digits: superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexors
Nerve supply: tibial n.

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29
Q

Arteries of pelvic limb

A

External iliac a. -> deep femoral a. -> pudendoepigastric trunk (caudal epigastric a. & external pudendal a.) & medial circumflex femoral a.
Femoral a. -> superficial circumflex a., lateral circumflex femoral a., proximal caudal femoral a., saphenous a., descending genicular a., middle caudal femoral a., & distal caudal femoral a.
Popliteal a.
Cranial tibial a.

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30
Q

Nerves of pelvic limb

A

Lumbosacral plexus:
Obturator n.
Femoral n. -> saphenous n .
Pudendal n. -> caudal rectal n., perineal n., & dorsal n. of penis
Caudal cutaneous femoral n.
Lumbosacral trunk: caudal gluteal n., cranial gluteal n., & sciatic n.
Sciatic n. -> common fibular n. & tibial n.

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31
Q

Dorsal/lateral surfaces of skull

A 
Bones: frontal & parietal bones (paired)
External occipital protuberance
Nuchal crest
Temporal fossa
Temporal bone
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32
Q

External occipital protuberance

A

Also called: sagittal crest of skull

Sagittal crest & temporal lines joining

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33
Q

Nuchal crest

A

Transition between dorsal & caudal surface of skull

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34
Q

Temporal fossa

A

Bounded:
Medially by sagittal crest
Caudally by nuchal crest
Ventrally by zygomatic process/temporal bone

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35
Q

Temporal bone

A 
Zygomatic process of temporal bone (caudal to arch)
Composed of:
Squamous
Tympanic
Petrous
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36
Q

Mesaticephalic skull type

A

Average conformation

Ex. beagle, labrador

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37
Q

Dolichocephalic skull type

A

Larger/longer facial component

Ex. collie

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38
Q

Brachycephalic skull type

A

Shorter facial component

Ex. boston terrier

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39
Q

Facial bones

A 
Frontal
Nasal
Maxilla
Incisive
Orbit
Orbital margin
Zygomatic arch
Pterygopalatine fossa
Fossa for lacrimal sac
Infraorbital foramen
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40
Q

Nasal

A

Two bones meet at midline
Bounded by incisive & nasal bones
Brachycephalic breeds = round
Dolichocephalic breeds = oval

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41
Q

Maxilla

A

Contains upper cheek, teeth, & canine

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42
Q

Incisive

A

Contains 3 upper incisor teeth

Articulates with maxilla & nasal bones

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43
Q

Orbit

A 
Cavity where eye is located
3 openings:
Optic canal (optic n.)
Orbital fissure (oculomotor n., trochlear n., abducent n., ophtalmic n.)
Rostral alar foramen (maxillary a. & n.)
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44
Q

Orbital margin

A

Formed by frontal, lacrimal, & zygomatic bones

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45
Q

Zygomatic arch

A

Formed by maxilla, zygomatic bone, & zygomatic process of temporal bone
The arch forms the cheek bone
Arch is origin of masseter m.

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46
Q

Pterygopalatine fossa

A 
Ventral to orbit
Pterygoid m. arises from this fossa
Caudal palatine foramen
Sphenopalatine foramen
Maxillary foramen
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47
Q

Fossa for lacrimal sac

A

Continued by nasolacrimal canal for the nasolacrimal duct

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48
Q

Infraorbital foramen

A

Rostral opening of infraorbital canal

Passageway for infraorbital a., v., & n.

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49
Q

Ventral surface of the skull

A 
Bones: basioccipital b., tympanic b., petrosal part of temporal b., basiphenoid b., presphenoid b.
Paracondylar process
Mastoid process
Oval foramen
Tympano-occipital fissure
Mandibular fossa
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50
Q

Paracondylar process

A

Origin for digastricus m. (mastication)

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51
Q

Tympanic bone

A 
Bulbous enlargement (tympanic bulla: encloses middle ear cavity)
Contains external acoustic meatus (on lateral side of tympanic bulla)
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52
Q

Mastoid process

A

Termination of mastoid parts of cleidocephalicus m. & sternocephalicus m.

53
Q

Oval foramen

A

Exit of mandibular n.

54
Q

Tympano-occipital fissure

A

Passage for glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory n., internal carotid a., internal jugular v., postganglionic axons from cranial cervical ganglion

55
Q

Mandibular fossa

A

Temporomandibular joint (zygomatic process of temporal bone articulating with condyles of mandible)

56
Q

Caudal surface of skull

A 
Occipital bones:
Occipital condyles
Nuchal crest
External occipital protuberance
Foramen magnum
Mastoid foramen
57
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Passageway of spinal cord which continue as brainstem

58
Q

Mastoid foramen

A

Passage for meningeal a. & v.

59
Q

Lower jaw

A

Articulates w/ mandibular fossa of zygomatic process of temporal bone

60
Q

Lower/upper jaw

A

Join at symphisis

Each are divided into body & ramus

61
Q

Masseteric fossa

A

Insertion of masseter m.

62
Q

Coronoid process

A

Dorsal half of ramus

Medial side has depression for insertion of temporal m.

63
Q

Mandibular foramen

A

Caudal opening of mandibular canal
Transmits inferior alveoli a. v., & n.
Opens at the 3 mental foramina (supply sensory innervation to lower lip & chin)

64
Q

Condylar process

A

Helps form the temporomandibular joint

65
Q

Mandibular notch

A

U-shaped depression between condylar process & coronoid process

66
Q

Angular process

A

Hooked eminence ventral to condylar process, attachment of pterygoid m. medially & masseter laterally

67
Q

Incisors

A

Upper: embedded in incisive bone (3)
Lower: embedded in mandible (3)

68
Q

Canine

A

Upper: embedded in maxilla bone (1)
Lower: embedded in mandible (1)

69
Q

Premolars

A

Upper: embedded in maxilla bone (4)
Lower: embedded in mandible (4)
Deciduous: 3 upper/3 lower

70
Q

Molars

A

Upper: embedded in maxilla bone (2)
Lower: embedded in mandible (3)
Deciduous: none

71
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

Baby teeth

Erupt: between weeks 3-6

72
Q

Permanent teeth

A

Adult teeth

Erupt: between months 4-6

73
Q

Horses teeth

A

Continue to grow enamel points

74
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Contains brain, brain’s covering, and blood vessels

75
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Components:
Nasal aperture
Choanae
Conchae

76
Q

Nasal aperture

A

Composed of 2 symmetrical halves separated by median nasal septum

77
Q

Choanae

A

Caudal end of nasal septum where 2 nasal cavities open into nasopharynx

78
Q

Conchae

A

Project into each half of nasal cavity
Act as baffles to warm & cleanse inspired air (w/ mucosa)
Contain olfactory neurons coursing to olfactory bulbs
Dorsal & ventral concha
Divided into 4 primary passages (meatuses):
Dorsal nasal meatus
Middle nasal meatus
Ventral nasal meatus
Common nasal meatus

79
Q

Dorsal nasal meatus

A

Lies between nasal bone & dorsal nasal concha

80
Q

Middle nasal meatus

A

Lies between the dorsal nasal concha & ventral concha

81
Q

Ventral nasal meatus

A

Dorsal to hard palate

82
Q

Common nasal meatus

A

Formed on each side of nasal septum

83
Q

Platysma

A

From dorsal median raphe of neck to angle of mouth radiating into orbicularis oris

84
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Near free borders of lips (moves around angle of mouth)

Acts to shape & control size of mouth opening

85
Q

Buccinator m.

A

Thin, wide, muscle
Foundation of cheek
Adjacent to buccal mucosa & deep to orbicularis oris
Function: returns food from vestibule to occlusal surface of teeth

86
Q

Levator nasolabialis m.

A

Flat muscle
Arises from maxillary bone & attaches to edge of upper lip of external naris
Function: dilates nostrils & raises upper lip

87
Q

Palpebrae

A

Eyelids
Both upper & lower border palpebral fissure
Join at end of fissure to form medial & lateral palpebral commisure
Each commisure is attached to ligaments (medial & lateral palpebral ligaments)
Upper eyelid bears cilia
Inner surface: covered by mucous membrane; palpebral conjunctiva

88
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Ventral to zygomatic process of frontal bone
Secretes into conjunctival sac
Lacrimal flow: serous fluid

89
Q

Plica semilunaris

A

3rd eyelids (Also called: nictitating membrane)
Concave fold of palpebral conjunctiva & cartilage that moves horizontally across eyeball
Lubricates the cornea

90
Q

Muscles of eyelid

A

Orbicularis oculi m.
Retractor anguli oculi lateralis m.
Levator palpebrae superiosis m.

91
Q

Orbicularis oculi muscle

A

Attached to medial palpebral ligament

Action: closes eyelids

92
Q

Retractor anguli oculi lateralis muscle

A

Action: close palpebral fissure

93
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

A

Action: elevates upper lid,

Innervated by oculomotor n.

94
Q

Lacrimal flow

A

Passes across cornea -> collects in puncta -> passes through lacrimal duct of each lid -> to lacrimal sac -> to nasolacrimal duct -> to nasal meatus of nasal cavity where evaporation takes place

95
Q

Vestibule (head)

A

Cavity lying outside teeth & gums and inside lip & cheeks
Contains parotid duct
Contains ducts of zygomatic gland

96
Q

Parotid duct

A

Opens through cheek on a small papilla located opposite caudal end of upper shearing tooth

97
Q

Ducts of zygomatic gland

A

Open into vestibule lateral to last upper molar tooth

98
Q

Oral cavity proper

A

Bounded:
Dorsally by hard palate & part of soft palate
Laterally & rostrally by dental arches
Ventrally by tongue

99
Q

Tongue

A 
Muscular organ
Attached to floor of oral cavity by lingual frenulum (ventral median fold of mucosa)
Five types of papillae:
Filiform: smallest & most numerous
Conical: mechanical & tactile rather than gustatory in fxn
Fungiform: salt taste bud
Foliate: bitter taste bud
Vallate: sweet taste bud
100
Q

Salivary ducts

A

Mandibular duct
Major sublingual duct
Parotid duct
Zygomatic duct

101
Q

Salivary glands

A

Parasympathetic innervation: cranial n. (facial & glossopharyngeal. n.)
Sympathetic innervation: preganglionic n.
Mandibular: mixture of serous, mucous
Sublingual: mainly mucous
Parotid: mainly serous (50%)
Zygomatic: mainly mucous

102
Q

Hard palate

A

Crossed by 8 transverse ridges
Incisive papilla (caudal to central incisor tooth): opening to incisive duct
Vomeronasal organ
Tubular structure: found at base of nasal septum, dorsal to hard palate. olfactory receptor of sexual stimuli

103
Q

Soft palate

A

Soft tissue at back of roof of mouth

Responsible for closing of nasal passages when swallowing

104
Q

Flehmen response

A

Curling of lips that facilitates transfer of odorant chemicals into vomeronasal organ
Determines presence of estrus

105
Q

Pharynx

A 
Passageway common to both respiratory & digestive systems
Contains:
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Laryngopharynx
106
Q

Oropharynx

A

Extends from caudal border of soft palate & base of epiglottis at caudal end of root of tongue
Contains palatine tonsil

107
Q

Palatine tonsil

A

Fossa where tonsil is located & covered by semilunar fold

108
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Extends from choanae to junction of palatopharyngeal arch at caudal border of soft palate
Contains auditory tube

109
Q

Auditory tube

A

Muscle assisted
Ciliated tube located dorsal to middle soft palate
Oblique, slitlike opening draining excess mucus of tympanic bulla

110
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Extends from palatopharyngeal arch to beginning of esophagus

111
Q

Larynx

A

Contains:
Epiglottic cartilage
Vocal process
Glottis

112
Q

Epiglottic cartilage

A

Lies at entrance of larynx

113
Q

Glottis

A

Consists of vocal folds & processes

114
Q

Temporalis muscle

A

Arises: from temporal fossa
Inserts: on coronoid process of mandible
Action: closes jaw
Innervation: from mandibular & trigeminal nn.

115
Q

Masseter muscle

A 
Covered by strong aponeurosis
Arises: from zygomatic arch 
Inserts: in masseteric fossa
Action: close the jaw
Innervation: from mandibular & trigeminal nn.
116
Q

Medial & lateral pterygoid muscle

A

Arises: from pterygopalatine fossa
Inserts: on medial surface & caudal margin of ramus of mandible & angular process
Action: close the jaw & sideway motion of jaw
Innervation: from mandibular & trigeminal nn.

117
Q

Digastricus muscle

A

Tendinous intersection crosses belly and divides it into rostral & caudal parts
Arises: from paracondylar process of occipital bone
Action: open the jaw
Inserts: on body of mandible
Innervation: rostral belly - from mandibular n.; caudal belly - facial n.

118
Q

Styloglossus muscle

A

Arises: from stylohyoid bone
Inserts: in middle of tongue
Action: retracts & elevates the tongue
Innervation: hypoglossal n.

119
Q

Hyoglossus muscle

A

Lies medial to styloglossus m.
Arises: from thyrohyoid & basihyoid bones
Action: retracts & depresses tongue
Innervation: hypoglossal n.

120
Q

Genioglossus muscle

A

Lies partly in frenulum
Arises: from symphysis & adjacent surface of body of mandible
Action: caudal fibers - protrude (stick out) the tongue; rostral fibers - retract the apex
Innervation: hypoglossal n.

121
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball

A 
Dorsal oblique m.
Ventral oblique m.
Dorsal rectus m.
Ventral rectus m.
Medial rectus m.
Lateral rectus m.
Retractor bubli m.
122
Q

Trochlea

A

Pulley structure in eye through which the dorsal oblique muscle passes

123
Q

Dorsal oblique muscle

A

Action: pulls (rotates) eye downward & medially
Nerve: trochlear (IV)

124
Q

Ventral oblique muscle

A

Action: pulls (rotates) eye upward & laterally
Nerve: oculomotor (III)

125
Q

Dorsal rectus muscle

A

Action: moves eye upward
Nerve: oculomotor (III)

126
Q

Ventral rectus muscle

A

Action: moves eye downward
Nerve: oculomotor (III)

127
Q

Medial rectus muscle

A

Action: adduction (toward nose)
Nerve: oculomotor (III)

128
Q

Lateral rectus muscle

A

Action: abduction (away from nose)
Nerve: abducent (III)

129
Q

Retractor bulbi muscle

A

Action: keeps eye in orbit
Nerve: abducent (VI)

Comparative Anatomy (9 decks)

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