Quiz 5 Flashcards
1
Q
What arteries supply the abdominal muscles (wall)?
A
Cranial abdominal a.
Cranial epigastric a.
Caudal epigastric a.
Deep circumflex iliac a.
2
Q
What nerves supply the ventral & lateral abdominal muscles (wall)?
A
Cranial iliohypogastric n. (L1)
Caudal ioliohypogastric n. (L2)
Ilioinguinal n. (L3)
Lateral cutaneous femoral n. (L4)
3
Q
Deep vessels of abdominal wall
A
Abdominal aorta External iliac a. -> femoral a. Deep femoral a. Pudendoepigastric trunk -> ext. pudendal a. -> caudal superficial epigastric a. Caudal epigastric a.
4
Q
Caudal superficial epigastric a. supplies which mammae?
A
Cranial & caudal abdominal
Inguinal
+ prepuce in males
5
Q
What supplies the scrotum in males & labia in females
A
Small dorsal branch of caudal superficial epigastric a.
6
Q
External pudendal a.
A
Origin: pudendoepigastric trunk
Gives rise to: caudal superficial epigastric a.
Emerges from: superficial inguinal ring
Supply blood to: gracilis m.
7
Q
Vaginal tunic
A
Male
Double peritoneal fold
Encloses the spermatic cord & testis
Made of:
Visceral layer (adheres to testis & cord)
Parietal layer (lines scrotum & inguinal canal)
8
Q
Vaginal process
A
Female
Diverticulum
Encloses the round ligament of the uterus
Found in free edge of perpendicular sheet of broad ligament
Passes from caudal pole of ovary to inguinal canal
9
Q
Inguinal canal structures (male)
A
External pudendal a & v.
Genitofemoral n.
Cremaster m.
Spermatic cord
10
Q
Inguinal canal structures (female)
A
External pudendal a & v.
Genitofemoral n.
Vaginal process
11
Q
Genitofemoral nerve
A
Arises from ventral branch of L3 & L4
Males: innervates cremaster m. & part of prepuce
Females: innervates pubic area
12
Q
Cremaster muscle
A
Arises from internal abdominal oblique m
Attaches to parietal vaginal tunic near testis
Raise & lower scrotum: regulate temp. of testis & promote spermatogenesis
13
Q
Spermatic cord
A
Carried through inguinal canal by descent of testis Contains: Vas deferens Testicular a. & v. (pampiniform plexus) Testicular lymph vessels Testicular nerve plexus (L3-5)
14
Q
Falciform ligament
A
Fold of peritoneum that passes from umbilicus to diaphragm & attaches to liver
15
Q
Round ligament of liver
A
Found in free margin of falciform ligament
Fetal remnant of umbilical vein
16
Q
Median ligament of the bladder
A
In fetus it contains the urachus
17
Q
Urachus
A
Fetal remnant of allantois
A canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that runs within the umbilical cord
18
Q
Round ligament of the bladder
A
Remnants of umbilical arteries in the lateral ligaments of the bladder
Caudal to the umbilicus
Attaches to the bladder
19
Q
Abdominal viscera
A
Internal organ of the abdomen: Greater & lesser omentum Urinary bladder Spleen Diaphragm Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Stomach Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) Large intestine (Cecum, colon) Adrenal glands Kidneys Reproductive tract
20
Q
Greater omentum
A
Double-layered sac (leaves):
Superficial leaf (ventral body wall)
Deep leaf (abdominal organs)
Attachment: greater curvature of the stomach
Covers: jejunum & ileum
Composition: lacelike w/ fat deposits along vessels
21
Q
Omental bursa
A
Space between the two leaves of the greater omentum
22
Q
Gastrosplenic ligament
A
Section of greater omentum that attaches spleen to stomach
23
Q
Urinary bladder
A
When contracted (empty): lies on floor of pelvic inlet When distended (full): lies on floor of abdomen & adapts in shape by displacing movable viscera
24
Q
Pelvic inlet
A
Area between abdomen & pelvis
25
Uterus
Small
Consists of: short cervix, body, two long horns
Gravid uterus: lies on floor of abdomen, horns gravitate cranially & ventrally to lie medial to costal arch
26
Spleen
Located in superficial leaf (along greater curvature of stomach)
Caudally: can reach a transverse plane to midlumbar region
Closely associated with circulatory system (fxns in destruction of old red blood cells)
Provides: lymphocytes & antibodies (absence can lead to predisposition to certain infections)
27
Diaphragm
```
Muscular partition between thoracic & abdominal cavities
Muscle of inspiration
Parts:
Tendinous center
Muscular periphery
Cupula
Aortic hiatus
Esophageal hiatus
Caval foramen
Arterial supply
```
28
Tendinous center (diaphragm)
V-shaped non-muscular
29
Muscular periphery (diaphragm)
Three parts:
Lumbar
Costal
Sternal
30
Cupula
Cranial part bulges into thorax
31
Aortic hiatus
Passageway for aorta, azygos vein, & thoracic duct
32
Esophageal hiatus
Passageway for esophagus, vagal nerve trunk, esophageal vessels
33
Caval foramen
Passageway for caudal vena cava
34
Arterial supply (diaphragm)
The phrenic a. between cranial mesenteric a. & renal a.
35
Liver
```
Secretes bile salts which emulsify ingested fat
Bile is stored in gallbladder
Each lobe contains a hepatic duct
Lobes (6):
Right lateral lobe
Right medial lobe
Quadrate lobe
Left medial lobe
Left lateral lobe
Caudate lobe (Caudate process & papillary process)
```
36
Caudate lobe of liver
Caudate process: has renal impression
| Papillary process: Lies in lesser curvature of stomach
37
Gallbladder
Located in fossa between quadrate & right medial lobe of liver
Neck area continues cystic duct
Unite hepatic & cystic ducts to form bile duct
38
Cystic duct
Continuation of neck area of gallbladder
39
Bile duct
Union of hepatic & cystic ducts
| Moves through descending duodenum & ends at major duodenal papilla
40
Pancreas
```
Located in greater omentum
Parts: left lobe, body, right lobe
Secretes proteolytic enzymes (digestive enzyme) & insulin (controls blood sugar levels)
Ducts:
Pancreatic duct
Accessory pancreatic duct
```
41
Pancreatic duct
Smaller duct of pancreas
| Empties with bile duct into duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
42
Accessory pancreatic duct
Larger duct of pancreas
| Empties into duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla
43
Stomach (monogastric)
```
Parts:
Cardiac part
Fundus
Body
Pyloric antrum
Pylorus
```
44
Cardiac part of stomach (m)
Situated near esophagus
| Prevents backflow
45
Fundus of stomach (m)
Dome-shaped
| Lies left & dorsal to cardia
46
Body of stomach (m)
Largest middle portion
47
Pyloric antrum of stomach (m)
Narrowing portion of stomach into pyloric canal
48
Pylorus of stomach (m)
Junction of pyloric canal w/ duodenum
49
Cecum (horse)
Fermentation system analogous to the rumen
Structural carbs & starch is fermented
Difference to rumen: large quantity of microbial protein generated in equine large gut is wasted
50
Ruminant (polygastric)
```
Feedstuff ->
Remun (papillae) ->
Reticulum (honeycomb) ->
Omasum (leaflets) ->
Abomasum (true stomach) ->
Small intestine
```
51
Small intestine
Duodenum (descending & ascending parts)
Jejunum
Ileum
52
Duodenum
Arterial supply: Cranial pancreaticoduodenal a. -> celiac a.
Innervation:
(sympathetic) splanchnic fibers from cranial mesenteric ganglion (major splanchnic nerve)
(parasympathetic) vagus nerve
most fixed part of intestine
Origin: pylorus
Suspended by mesoduodenum
53
Jejunum
Arterial supply: branches of cranial mesenteric a.
Innervation:
(sympathetic) splanchnic fibers from cranial mesenteric ganglion (minor splanchnic nerve)
(parasympathetic) vagus nerve
Forms coils of small intestine
Absorb nutrients
54
Ileum
Arterial supply: Branches of. cranial mesenteric a.
Innervation:
(sympathetic) splanchnic fibers from cranial mesenteric ganglion (minor splanchnic nerve)
(parasympathetic) vagus nerve
Short terminal segment (boundaries: ileocecal fold & presence of vessels on intestinal anti-mesenteric surface)
Terminal portion
Connects with ascending colon at ileocolic orifice
Final stage of enzyme & carb digestion
55
Ileocolic orifice
Connect ileum & ascending colon
56
Large intestine
Cecum
| Colon (ascending, transverse, descending)
57
Cecum
Arterial supply: branches of cranial mesenteric a.
Innervation:
(sympathetic) splanchnic fibers from cranial mesenteric ganglion (minor splanchnic nerve)
(parasympathetic) vagus nerve
S-shaped blind tube located at junction of ileum & colon
Carnivores: small & function unclear
Herbivores: large due to bacteria aiding in enzymatic breakdown of plant material
58
Cecolic orifice
Location of communication between cecum & ascending colon
59
Colon (ascending)
Arterial supply: branches of cranial mesenteric a.
Innervation:
(sympathetic) splanchnic fibers from cranial mesenteric ganglion
(Parasympathetic) vagus nerve fibers
60
Colon (transverse)
Arterial supply: branches of cranial mesenteric a.
Innervation:
(sympathetic) splanchnic fibers from cranial & caudal mesenteric ganglion
(parasympathetic) vagus nerve fibers
61
Colon (descending)
```
Arterial supply: caudal mesenteric a.
Innervation:
(sympathetic) lumbar part of sympathetic trunk, hypogastric n.
(parasympathetic) Pelvic n.
Continuous w/ rectum
```
62
Colon
Water absorption
63
Adrenal glands
Right & left
Regulate stress response via cortisol & adrenaline (epinephrine)
Secrete steroids: aldosterone, testosterone, & estrogen
64
Right adrenal gland
Lies between caudal vena cava & caudate lobe of liver
65
Left adrenal gland
Lies between aorta & left kidney
66
Kidneys
```
Right & left (right is slightly higher)
Structures:
Ureters (lead to bladder)
Renal cortex (nephrons)
Renal medulla (pyramids)
Renal artery & vein
```
67
Anatomy of female reproductive tract
```
Ovaries
Infundibulum
Uterine tube
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Proper ligament of ovary
Broad ligaments of uterus (mesometrium, mesovarium, mesosalpinx)
```
68
Ovaries
Located near caudal pole of kidneys
| Enclosed in thin-walled peritoneal sac called ovarian bursas
69
Infundibulum
Fimbriated structure that catches the ova after ovulation
| Leads into uterine tube
70
Uterine tube
Small tube leaving bursa
Leads to uterine horn
Tubouterine junction (junction of uterine tube into uterine horn)
71
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Holds the ovary in fixed position
| Attached to body wall
72
Proper ligament of ovary
Short
| Attaches the ovary to cranial end of uterine horn
73
Broad ligament of uterus (mesometrium)
Extends from abdominal wall to the ovaries, horns & uterine body.
Supports the reproductive tract in place
74
Broad ligament of uterus (mesovarium)
Continuation of mesometrium
| Attaches the ovary to lateral sublumbar region
75
Broad ligament of uterus (mesosalpinx)
Peritoneum that attaches the uterine tube to mesovarium
| Both layers of peritoneal form the wall of ovarian bursa
76
Vascular supply to uterus
Via anastomosing ovarian & uterine arteries
77
Sympathetic innervation of uterus
Paired through left & right hypogastric nerves
78
Parasympathetic innervation of uterus
Paired through pelvic nerves
79
Round ligament of uterus
Homologue of embryonic gubernaculum
Aids in descent of gonads
No function in adults
80
Vagus nerve
C10
Carries sensory & motor fibers to/from viscera
At root of lungs, right & left divides into dorsal & ventral branches. Pass through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm & course along lesser curvature of stomach
81
Abdominal aortic plexuses
```
Parasympathetic axons follow respective arteries
Named according to the branch of the aorta they are associated with
Parts:
Celiac
Cranial mesenteric
Caudal mesenteric
Adrenal
Aorticorenal
```
82
Dorsal branch of vagus nerve
Meet near diaphgram
| Forms dorsal vagal trunk
83
Dorsal vagal trunk
Located on dorsal surface of terminal part of esophagus
| Gives off celiac branch -> contributing to celiac & cranial mesenteric plexuses
84
Ventral branch of vagus nerve
Meet caudal to root of lung
| Forms ventral vagal trunk
85
Ventral vagal trunk
Located on ventral surface of terminal part of esophagus
| Supplies liver, stomach, & pylorus
86
Splanchnic nerves
Paired nerves that innervate the viscera, carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous system as well as sensory fibers (visceral afferent fibers) from the organs.
Carry sympathetic fibers (except for the pelvic splanchnic nerves)
87
Sympathetic trunk & splanchnic n.
Major splanchnic n.
Minor splanchnic n.
Lumbar splanchnic n.
88
Celiacomesenteric ganglion & plexuses
Celiac ganglion
| Cranial mesenteric ganglion
89
List of splanchnic nerves
```
Sympathetic trunk & splanchnic nerves
Celiacomesenteric ganglion & plexuses
Caudal mesenteric ganglion
Sacral splanchnic nerves
Pelvic plexus
```
90
Pelvic plexus
Sympathetic fibers from hypogastric nerves
| Parasympathetic fibers from pelvic nerve
91
Sacral splanchnic n.
Sacral part of sympathetic trunk
92
Major splanchnic nerve
Leaves the sympathetic trunk at the level of the 12-13th thoracic sympathetic ganglion.
Passes dorsal to the crus of the diaphragm, enters abdominal cavity, & courses to adrenal gland to celiac & cranial mesenteric ganglion/plexuses
93
Minor splanchnic nerves
Generally two.
Usually leave the last thoracic to 1st lumbar sympathetic ganglia.
Supply nerves to adrenal gland, & terminate in the celiac & cranial mesenteric ganglia/plexuses
94
Lumbar splanchnic nerves
Arise from 2nd-5th lumbar sympathetic ganglia.
| Distributed to aorticorenal, cranial mesenteric, & caudal mesenteric ganglia/plexuses
95
Branches of abdominal aorta
Celiac a. (hepatic (cranial pancreaticoduodenal & right gastric aa.), left gastric, & splenic aa.)
Cranial mesenteric a. (middle coliac & right coliac aa. (ileocoli a.))
Phrenicoabdominal trunk (caudal phrenic & cranial abdominal aa.)
Renal aa.
Testicular & ovarian aa.
Lumbar aa.
Caudal mesenteric a.
Deep circumflex iliac aa.
96
Portal venous system
```
Branches of portal veins that drain blood from abdominal viscera to liver (gets filtered by passing through capillary bed of sinusoids before it exits through hepatic vv. to enter caudal vena cava leading to heart)
Gastroduodenal v.
Splenic v.
Cranial mesenteric v.
Caudal mesenteric v.
Jejunal vv.
```
97
Gastroduodenal vein
Drains the pancreas, stomach, duodenum, & greater omentum
98
Splenic vein
Drains the spleen, stomach, pancreas, greater omentum, lesser curvature of stomach (left gastric v.)
99
Cranial mesenteric vein
Drains the caudal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, right lobe of pancreas
100
Caudal mesenteric vein
Drains the cecum & colon
101
Jejunal veins
drains the jejunum
102
Hepatic sinusoids
Sinusoids are special capillaries (channels) that receive blood from terminal branches of hepatic a. & hepatic portal v. & deliver to central vv.
