Quiz 5 Flashcards
What arteries supply the abdominal muscles (wall)?
Cranial abdominal a.
Cranial epigastric a.
Caudal epigastric a.
Deep circumflex iliac a.
What nerves supply the ventral & lateral abdominal muscles (wall)?
Cranial iliohypogastric n. (L1)
Caudal ioliohypogastric n. (L2)
Ilioinguinal n. (L3)
Lateral cutaneous femoral n. (L4)
Deep vessels of abdominal wall
Abdominal aorta External iliac a. -> femoral a. Deep femoral a. Pudendoepigastric trunk -> ext. pudendal a. -> caudal superficial epigastric a. Caudal epigastric a.
Caudal superficial epigastric a. supplies which mammae?
Cranial & caudal abdominal
Inguinal
+ prepuce in males
What supplies the scrotum in males & labia in females
Small dorsal branch of caudal superficial epigastric a.
External pudendal a.
Origin: pudendoepigastric trunk
Gives rise to: caudal superficial epigastric a.
Emerges from: superficial inguinal ring
Supply blood to: gracilis m.
Vaginal tunic
Male
Double peritoneal fold
Encloses the spermatic cord & testis
Made of:
Visceral layer (adheres to testis & cord)
Parietal layer (lines scrotum & inguinal canal)
Vaginal process
Female
Diverticulum
Encloses the round ligament of the uterus
Found in free edge of perpendicular sheet of broad ligament
Passes from caudal pole of ovary to inguinal canal
Inguinal canal structures (male)
External pudendal a & v.
Genitofemoral n.
Cremaster m.
Spermatic cord
Inguinal canal structures (female)
External pudendal a & v.
Genitofemoral n.
Vaginal process
Genitofemoral nerve
Arises from ventral branch of L3 & L4
Males: innervates cremaster m. & part of prepuce
Females: innervates pubic area
Cremaster muscle
Arises from internal abdominal oblique m
Attaches to parietal vaginal tunic near testis
Raise & lower scrotum: regulate temp. of testis & promote spermatogenesis
Spermatic cord
Carried through inguinal canal by descent of testis Contains: Vas deferens Testicular a. & v. (pampiniform plexus) Testicular lymph vessels Testicular nerve plexus (L3-5)
Falciform ligament
Fold of peritoneum that passes from umbilicus to diaphragm & attaches to liver
Round ligament of liver
Found in free margin of falciform ligament
Fetal remnant of umbilical vein
Median ligament of the bladder
In fetus it contains the urachus
Urachus
Fetal remnant of allantois
A canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that runs within the umbilical cord
Round ligament of the bladder
Remnants of umbilical arteries in the lateral ligaments of the bladder
Caudal to the umbilicus
Attaches to the bladder
Abdominal viscera
Internal organ of the abdomen: Greater & lesser omentum Urinary bladder Spleen Diaphragm Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Stomach Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) Large intestine (Cecum, colon) Adrenal glands Kidneys Reproductive tract
Greater omentum
Double-layered sac (leaves):
Superficial leaf (ventral body wall)
Deep leaf (abdominal organs)
Attachment: greater curvature of the stomach
Covers: jejunum & ileum
Composition: lacelike w/ fat deposits along vessels
Omental bursa
Space between the two leaves of the greater omentum
Gastrosplenic ligament
Section of greater omentum that attaches spleen to stomach
Urinary bladder
When contracted (empty): lies on floor of pelvic inlet When distended (full): lies on floor of abdomen & adapts in shape by displacing movable viscera
Pelvic inlet
Area between abdomen & pelvis
Uterus
Small
Consists of: short cervix, body, two long horns
Gravid uterus: lies on floor of abdomen, horns gravitate cranially & ventrally to lie medial to costal arch
Spleen
Located in superficial leaf (along greater curvature of stomach)
Caudally: can reach a transverse plane to midlumbar region
Closely associated with circulatory system (fxns in destruction of old red blood cells)
Provides: lymphocytes & antibodies (absence can lead to predisposition to certain infections)
Diaphragm
Muscular partition between thoracic & abdominal cavities Muscle of inspiration Parts: Tendinous center Muscular periphery Cupula Aortic hiatus Esophageal hiatus Caval foramen Arterial supply
Tendinous center (diaphragm)
V-shaped non-muscular
Muscular periphery (diaphragm)
Three parts:
Lumbar
Costal
Sternal
Cupula
Cranial part bulges into thorax
Aortic hiatus
Passageway for aorta, azygos vein, & thoracic duct
Esophageal hiatus
Passageway for esophagus, vagal nerve trunk, esophageal vessels
Caval foramen
Passageway for caudal vena cava
Arterial supply (diaphragm)
The phrenic a. between cranial mesenteric a. & renal a.
Liver
Secretes bile salts which emulsify ingested fat Bile is stored in gallbladder Each lobe contains a hepatic duct Lobes (6): Right lateral lobe Right medial lobe Quadrate lobe Left medial lobe Left lateral lobe Caudate lobe (Caudate process & papillary process)
Caudate lobe of liver
Caudate process: has renal impression
Papillary process: Lies in lesser curvature of stomach
Gallbladder
Located in fossa between quadrate & right medial lobe of liver
Neck area continues cystic duct
Unite hepatic & cystic ducts to form bile duct
Cystic duct
Continuation of neck area of gallbladder
Bile duct
Union of hepatic & cystic ducts
Moves through descending duodenum & ends at major duodenal papilla
Pancreas
Located in greater omentum Parts: left lobe, body, right lobe Secretes proteolytic enzymes (digestive enzyme) & insulin (controls blood sugar levels) Ducts: Pancreatic duct Accessory pancreatic duct
Pancreatic duct
Smaller duct of pancreas
Empties with bile duct into duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
Accessory pancreatic duct
Larger duct of pancreas
Empties into duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla
Stomach (monogastric)
Parts: Cardiac part Fundus Body Pyloric antrum Pylorus
Cardiac part of stomach (m)
Situated near esophagus
Prevents backflow
Fundus of stomach (m)
Dome-shaped
Lies left & dorsal to cardia
Body of stomach (m)
Largest middle portion
Pyloric antrum of stomach (m)
Narrowing portion of stomach into pyloric canal
Pylorus of stomach (m)
Junction of pyloric canal w/ duodenum
Cecum (horse)
Fermentation system analogous to the rumen
Structural carbs & starch is fermented
Difference to rumen: large quantity of microbial protein generated in equine large gut is wasted
Ruminant (polygastric)
Feedstuff -> Remun (papillae) -> Reticulum (honeycomb) -> Omasum (leaflets) -> Abomasum (true stomach) -> Small intestine
Small intestine
Duodenum (descending & ascending parts)
Jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum
Arterial supply: Cranial pancreaticoduodenal a. -> celiac a.
Innervation:
(sympathetic) splanchnic fibers from cranial mesenteric ganglion (major splanchnic nerve)
(parasympathetic) vagus nerve
most fixed part of intestine
Origin: pylorus
Suspended by mesoduodenum
Jejunum
Arterial supply: branches of cranial mesenteric a.
Innervation:
(sympathetic) splanchnic fibers from cranial mesenteric ganglion (minor splanchnic nerve)
(parasympathetic) vagus nerve
Forms coils of small intestine
Absorb nutrients
Ileum
Arterial supply: Branches of. cranial mesenteric a.
Innervation:
(sympathetic) splanchnic fibers from cranial mesenteric ganglion (minor splanchnic nerve)
(parasympathetic) vagus nerve
Short terminal segment (boundaries: ileocecal fold & presence of vessels on intestinal anti-mesenteric surface)
Terminal portion
Connects with ascending colon at ileocolic orifice
Final stage of enzyme & carb digestion
Ileocolic orifice
Connect ileum & ascending colon
Large intestine
Cecum
Colon (ascending, transverse, descending)
Cecum
Arterial supply: branches of cranial mesenteric a.
Innervation:
(sympathetic) splanchnic fibers from cranial mesenteric ganglion (minor splanchnic nerve)
(parasympathetic) vagus nerve
S-shaped blind tube located at junction of ileum & colon
Carnivores: small & function unclear
Herbivores: large due to bacteria aiding in enzymatic breakdown of plant material
Cecolic orifice
Location of communication between cecum & ascending colon
Colon (ascending)
Arterial supply: branches of cranial mesenteric a.
Innervation:
(sympathetic) splanchnic fibers from cranial mesenteric ganglion
(Parasympathetic) vagus nerve fibers
Colon (transverse)
Arterial supply: branches of cranial mesenteric a.
Innervation:
(sympathetic) splanchnic fibers from cranial & caudal mesenteric ganglion
(parasympathetic) vagus nerve fibers
Colon (descending)
Arterial supply: caudal mesenteric a. Innervation: (sympathetic) lumbar part of sympathetic trunk, hypogastric n. (parasympathetic) Pelvic n. Continuous w/ rectum
Colon
Water absorption
Adrenal glands
Right & left
Regulate stress response via cortisol & adrenaline (epinephrine)
Secrete steroids: aldosterone, testosterone, & estrogen
Right adrenal gland
Lies between caudal vena cava & caudate lobe of liver
Left adrenal gland
Lies between aorta & left kidney
Kidneys
Right & left (right is slightly higher) Structures: Ureters (lead to bladder) Renal cortex (nephrons) Renal medulla (pyramids) Renal artery & vein
Anatomy of female reproductive tract
Ovaries Infundibulum Uterine tube Suspensory ligament of ovary Proper ligament of ovary Broad ligaments of uterus (mesometrium, mesovarium, mesosalpinx)
Ovaries
Located near caudal pole of kidneys
Enclosed in thin-walled peritoneal sac called ovarian bursas
Infundibulum
Fimbriated structure that catches the ova after ovulation
Leads into uterine tube
Uterine tube
Small tube leaving bursa
Leads to uterine horn
Tubouterine junction (junction of uterine tube into uterine horn)
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Holds the ovary in fixed position
Attached to body wall
Proper ligament of ovary
Short
Attaches the ovary to cranial end of uterine horn
Broad ligament of uterus (mesometrium)
Extends from abdominal wall to the ovaries, horns & uterine body.
Supports the reproductive tract in place
Broad ligament of uterus (mesovarium)
Continuation of mesometrium
Attaches the ovary to lateral sublumbar region
Broad ligament of uterus (mesosalpinx)
Peritoneum that attaches the uterine tube to mesovarium
Both layers of peritoneal form the wall of ovarian bursa
Vascular supply to uterus
Via anastomosing ovarian & uterine arteries
Sympathetic innervation of uterus
Paired through left & right hypogastric nerves
Parasympathetic innervation of uterus
Paired through pelvic nerves
Round ligament of uterus
Homologue of embryonic gubernaculum
Aids in descent of gonads
No function in adults
Vagus nerve
C10
Carries sensory & motor fibers to/from viscera
At root of lungs, right & left divides into dorsal & ventral branches. Pass through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm & course along lesser curvature of stomach
Abdominal aortic plexuses
Parasympathetic axons follow respective arteries Named according to the branch of the aorta they are associated with Parts: Celiac Cranial mesenteric Caudal mesenteric Adrenal Aorticorenal
Dorsal branch of vagus nerve
Meet near diaphgram
Forms dorsal vagal trunk
Dorsal vagal trunk
Located on dorsal surface of terminal part of esophagus
Gives off celiac branch -> contributing to celiac & cranial mesenteric plexuses
Ventral branch of vagus nerve
Meet caudal to root of lung
Forms ventral vagal trunk
Ventral vagal trunk
Located on ventral surface of terminal part of esophagus
Supplies liver, stomach, & pylorus
Splanchnic nerves
Paired nerves that innervate the viscera, carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous system as well as sensory fibers (visceral afferent fibers) from the organs.
Carry sympathetic fibers (except for the pelvic splanchnic nerves)
Sympathetic trunk & splanchnic n.
Major splanchnic n.
Minor splanchnic n.
Lumbar splanchnic n.
Celiacomesenteric ganglion & plexuses
Celiac ganglion
Cranial mesenteric ganglion
List of splanchnic nerves
Sympathetic trunk & splanchnic nerves Celiacomesenteric ganglion & plexuses Caudal mesenteric ganglion Sacral splanchnic nerves Pelvic plexus
Pelvic plexus
Sympathetic fibers from hypogastric nerves
Parasympathetic fibers from pelvic nerve
Sacral splanchnic n.
Sacral part of sympathetic trunk
Major splanchnic nerve
Leaves the sympathetic trunk at the level of the 12-13th thoracic sympathetic ganglion.
Passes dorsal to the crus of the diaphragm, enters abdominal cavity, & courses to adrenal gland to celiac & cranial mesenteric ganglion/plexuses
Minor splanchnic nerves
Generally two.
Usually leave the last thoracic to 1st lumbar sympathetic ganglia.
Supply nerves to adrenal gland, & terminate in the celiac & cranial mesenteric ganglia/plexuses
Lumbar splanchnic nerves
Arise from 2nd-5th lumbar sympathetic ganglia.
Distributed to aorticorenal, cranial mesenteric, & caudal mesenteric ganglia/plexuses
Branches of abdominal aorta
Celiac a. (hepatic (cranial pancreaticoduodenal & right gastric aa.), left gastric, & splenic aa.)
Cranial mesenteric a. (middle coliac & right coliac aa. (ileocoli a.))
Phrenicoabdominal trunk (caudal phrenic & cranial abdominal aa.)
Renal aa.
Testicular & ovarian aa.
Lumbar aa.
Caudal mesenteric a.
Deep circumflex iliac aa.
Portal venous system
Branches of portal veins that drain blood from abdominal viscera to liver (gets filtered by passing through capillary bed of sinusoids before it exits through hepatic vv. to enter caudal vena cava leading to heart) Gastroduodenal v. Splenic v. Cranial mesenteric v. Caudal mesenteric v. Jejunal vv.
Gastroduodenal vein
Drains the pancreas, stomach, duodenum, & greater omentum
Splenic vein
Drains the spleen, stomach, pancreas, greater omentum, lesser curvature of stomach (left gastric v.)
Cranial mesenteric vein
Drains the caudal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, right lobe of pancreas
Caudal mesenteric vein
Drains the cecum & colon
Jejunal veins
drains the jejunum
Hepatic sinusoids
Sinusoids are special capillaries (channels) that receive blood from terminal branches of hepatic a. & hepatic portal v. & deliver to central vv.
