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Bio 113 Lab > Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Quiz 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

FLow chart outlining the steps in protein transcription and translation

A

DNA-> transcription-> mRNA-> translation -> Protein

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • You have 23 pairs of chromosomes

- Contain genes

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3
Q

Each pair of chromosomes is made of

A

2 homologous chromosomes

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4
Q

Homologous chromosomes have

A

the same genes but may have different alleles of those genes
One is from your dad and one is from your mom
This means you will have 2 alleles of each gene

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5
Q

Gene

A

In general, one gene codes for one protein

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6
Q

Allele

A

a variant of a gene

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7
Q

Proteins are essential to

A

all aspects of cell structure and function

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8
Q

three classes of proteins that are vital to cell function

A

Structural proteins
Enzymes
Regulatory proteins

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9
Q

Structural Proteins

A

support cells and tissues

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10
Q

Enzymes

A

That carry out metabloic functions

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11
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

That determine how and when genetic information is expressed to manufacture proteins

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12
Q

These will be on the test!!!!

A

What do genes do?
What exactly is DNA?
How do we get proteins?
What is RNA?

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13
Q

Gene theory

A

-Characteristics of an organism is determined by information encoded in DNA in the genes

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14
Q

Genes are made of

A

DNA where information is stored as a sequence

there sequences lead to the formation of proteins

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15
Q

DNA

A 
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Composed of 4 different nucleotides linked together
-consist of :
Ribose sugar (5 carbon sugar)
Phospate group
A nitrogen containing base
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16
Q

4 Nucleotides

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

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17
Q

Nucleotide Pairing

A

Adenine always pairs with Thymine (2 hydrogen bonds)

Guanine always pairs with Cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds)

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18
Q

DNA Replication

A

Two strands of the parent double helix unwind, and each specifies a new daughter strand by base-pairing rules
Each new DNA molecule becomes of one new and one old strand
Replication is semi-conservative

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19
Q

mRNA

A

Single stranded
four bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil (replaces Thymine)
Makes a copy of DNA
Take copy from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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20
Q

tRNA

A

transefer RNA

brings amino acids to synthesize proteins

21
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

-Component of ribosomes

22
Q

Ribosomes

A

Read the mRNA that moves through the cytosplasm

Use the code found on the mRNA as instructions for making proteins

23
Q

Proteins

A

long chain of amino acids

24
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Mutations cause change in DNA resulting in a changed protein
alters red blood cells
recessive trait: people who are homozygous recessive develop disease

25
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

explained basic principles of genetics and inheritance
studies on pea plants
discoveries ignored at the time

26
Q

Gene

A

basic unit of heredity

-diploid organisms possess 2 copies of each gene

27
Q

locus (loci)

A

a gene’s physical location on a chromosome

28
Q

Remember 1,2,3

A
  1. Gene (T=1)
  2. Alleles (T or t)
  3. Genotypes (TT, Tt, tt)
29
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup (specific alleles of an organism)

30
Q

Homozygous

A

when both alleles for a certain gene are identical

31
Q

Heterozygous

A

when the alleles for a certain gene are different

32
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical traits of an organism
ex: your actual blood type
determined by genotype

33
Q

Recessive Allele

A

2 copies of this allele are necessary to see the phenotype

34
Q

Dominant Allele

A

Only one copy pf this allele is necessary to see its phenotype

35
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

states that alleles for a single gene will separate from each other during meiosis

36
Q

Monohybrid Crosses Illustrate

A

The law of segregation

37
Q

Monohybrid

A 
cross between two heterozygote parents
only looking at one gene
Offspring:
Phenotypic ratio = 3:1
Genotypic ratio = 1:2:1
38
Q

2nd Law of Inheritance

A

alleles of unlinked genes assort themselves independently

39
Q

Unlinked genes

A

genes that are found on different chromosomes

40
Q

Dihybrid Crosses Illustrate the Law of Independent

A

Foil rule
a cross between two parents who are both heterozygotes for two unlinked genes
Offspring:
Phenotypic ratio= 9:3:3:1

41
Q

Exceptions to Mendelian Genetics

A

Incomplete Dominance

42
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

The phenotypes of different alleles are blended together to form an intermediate phenotype
Neither allele is dominant
results in intermediate phenotype

43
Q

Why is colorblindess commonly in males

A

genes that produce photopigments are carried on the X chromosome
males only have one x chromosome as opposed to females who have 2

44
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Occurs when chromosomes fail to separate during Meiosis

45
Q

Genetic Syndromes causes by chromosomal nondisjunction

A

Triple-X syndrome
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Turner’s Syndrome
Jacob’s Syndrome

46
Q

Triple X Syndrome

A

female, often sterile and may be mentally retarded

47
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

male, more feminine characteristics, mat be taller

48
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

female, no sexual maturation

49
Q

Jacob’s Syndrome

A

sexually normal male

Bio 113 Lab (9 decks)

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