Quiz 2 Flashcards
Explain the Cell Theory
- Every living organism is made up of cells 2. Cells are the most basic unit of life 3, Cells arise from pre-existing cells
Prokaryotic Cells
No nucleus simple structure ex: bacteria most abundant organisms single celled lack membrane bound organelles primitive bc developed before a nucleus DNA is loosely concentrated in a nucleoid region cell functions are carried out in cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Cells
internal membranes larger compartments
4 major similarities
Cells must survive a hostile environment Cells must coordinate biochemical processes Cells need nutrition Cells need energy
3 types of basic transport
Diffusion Facilitated transport Active transport
Diffusion
random movement of molecules from higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Does no require energy
Facilitated transport
passive transport that uses embedded transport proteins to move specific molecules and ions across the plasma membrane.
Active transport
uses energy to move molecules across a plasma membrane from an area of lower concentration to metabolic energy Requires carrier proteins
Cyanobacteria
not harmful produce oxygen
blue green
necklace shape
important in nutrient cycles and are photosynthic
nittrogen fixers and have specialized cells called heterocysts used in nitrogen fixation
survine in harsh enviornmets through production of spore like cells called akinetes
coccus
a round bacterium
Bacillus
rod shaped bacteria
Spirillum
Spiral shaped
Gram-positive bacteria
comple networkk of amino suugars (peptidoglycans) that form a cell wall outside of the plasma membrane
purple
no outer membrane
more absorbant to stain
more resistant to antibiotics
Gram-Negative Bacteria
less peptodoglycan in their cell walls and have an outer membrane composed of lipoplyacharides
thin cell walls
less aborbant to stains
more threatening
Broad-spectrum
antibiotics inhibit both Gram-positive and Gram- Negative bacteria
Narrow-spectrum
antiiotics inhibit either Gram-Positive or Gram Negative bacteria but not both
zones of inhibition
sections where the bacteria ccannot grow
membrane organelles
nucleus (originated from prokaryotic)
mitochondria & chloroplasts (from endosymbiosis)
endosymbiosis
energry producing bacteria and sugar-producinng cyanobacteria develop stable symbiotic relationships with the host cells that develop with the host cells
Corals and zooxanthellae
mitochandria
provide energy eukaryotic organsisms need to survive
have a double membrane
outer membrane derived from host cell
inner is from ancestral endosymbiont
in the membrane are proteins that cary out cellular resiraltion
chloroplasts
manufacture the carbohdrates that aare the basis of most food webs
Animal and Plant cells
Similarities
internal membrane system
endoplasmic reticulum
smooth ER surface has no ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
non membrane bound organelles
Ribosomes
Paramecium
Most have a large macronucleus that controls metabolic functions and a small micronucleus that is involved in reproduction
ATP
eukaryotes undergo aerobic cellular respiration within their mmitochandria
this process relies on oxygen produced during photosynthessis to break down glucose and produce ATP
Powers cell function
