Quiz 10 Flashcards by Logan Silvia

Protostomes

Spiral and determinate

Blastopore forms mouth

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Deuterostomes

Radial and indeterminate
Blastopore forms anus “second mouth”
Echinoderm and Vertebrate

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Echinodermata

Spiny protective skins
Penta-radial symmetry 
water vascular system with tube feet
slow moving/ sessile 
Calcite skeleton 
Coelom has circulatory, respiratory and excretory functions
6 classes

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Chordata

Does NOT mean vertebrates 
because they do not all have a calcified backbone
Notochord 
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
Pharyngeal Gill Slits 
Post anal tail 
endostyle/thyroid gland

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Notochord

flexible longitudinal rod of cartilage located between the gun and the dorsal nerve cord
In humans and some other chordates, they are replaced by vertebral column or disks

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Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

Ectoderm that has rollup into a tube
Hollow dorsal to notochord
Will develop into the central nervous system

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Pharyngeal Gill Slits

Openings between the pharynx and outside in primitive organisms
Filter food and particles cam also be used for gas exchange
Develop into head/neck structures in terrestrial vertebrates

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Post anal tails

Tail that extends past anus 
Contains skeletal elements and muscles 
Propulsion for aquatic animals 
Lost in humans 
Sometimes only seen in development

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Sea Lancelets

Bilateral symmetry
Adult retains all 4 chordate characteristics
ID slide

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Tunicates (sea squirts)

Most primitive chordate group
Larvae free swimming have all 4 characteristics
Be able to ID larva slide and preserved adults
Know structures described in 12-3 and 12-4

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Agnathans

Jawless vertebrates
Hagfish:
skeleton and skull made of cartilage no backbone (not vertebrate)
well developed notochord
excretes copious amounts of mucous as defense mechanism

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Lampreys

Also agnathans 
jawless 
adults are parasitic
rasping tounge to suck blood 
No mineralized skeleton 
Rudimentary backbone

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Superclass Gnathostomata

backbone that replaces most of the notochord and ecases the nerve cord
Bony skull surrounds the brain
1. Two sets of paired appendages (fins) or tetrapods(legs or wings)
2. Have jaws
example: sharks and gorillas

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Chondricthyes

Sharks, skates, and rays 
"Skeleton" made of cartilage 
teeth and some vertebrae are calcified but not true mineralized skeleton 
have jaws
have paired appendages 
Placoid scales look like teeth

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Osteichthyes

Bony fish

Class Actinopterygii, Sarcopterygii, and Dipnoi

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Actinopterygil

Ray-finned Fishes
Bony rays with tissue in between
swim bladder allows for natural buoyancy
ex. carp, perch, bass

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Sarcopterygii

Lobe-finned Fishes
Bones in appendages homologous to those of tetrapods
Most members extinct
Coelacanths

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Lungfishes

Dipnoi
Have both gills and lungs
Can walk on their fins for short periods of time 
Live in stagnant ponds and swamps 
Hibernate in mud in dry periods

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Be able to ID Fish Features

pg 234

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Vertebrates come ashore

Developing:

Amniotic Eggs
A protective integument (skin)

Amphibia

Frogs, toads, and salamanders
Incompletely terrestrial
skin contains keratin to protect against some desiccation
Gas exchange through their moist skin
eggs laid in water and fertilized externally
not amniotic

The Amniotic Egg

Be able to label parts and functions
Amnion: fluid filled membrane that protects the embryo
allantois: membrane used in gas exchange and waste removal
Yolk Sac: nourishes the embryo
Chorion: encloses the embryo and all internal membranes
Shell: prevents desiccation and allows gas exchange
Includes Reptiles and Mammals

Reptiles: Snakes, Lizards, Turtles, Crocodiles, and Birds

Most are strictly terrestrial
Tough skin made of keratin does not need to prevent water loss
Leathery shells on amniotic eggs prevent water loss

Class Aves

Birds 
Hollow Skeleton, allows flight
Feathers- warmth, flight, and mating 
no bladder 
Eggs laid externallu 
Hollow bones, feathers, and wings for flight adaptations

Class Mammalia

Humans, cats, dogs, ect.

Mammals

``` All mammals are warm blooded Most young are born alive They have hair or fur on their bodies Every mammal is a vertebrate All mammals have lungs to breathe air Mammals feed milk to their babies Muscle diaphram Red blood cells Three middle ear bones ```

The digestive system

1. Enzymatic and mechanical (chewing and stomach churning) breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules 2. Absorption of smaller molecules (amino acisd, glucose, monoglycerides and two free fatty-acids) into the bloodstream with eventual delivery at the cellular level

4 stages of the Digestive System

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Nutrition

process of consuming and using food and nutrients

Nutrient

any substance consumed by an animal that is needed for survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction All organisms require nutrients to survive

Components of Digestive Tract | Ingestion

Oral cavity-mouth Pharynx Esophagus

Components of Digestive Tract | Digestion

Stomach | Small intestine

Absorption

Small intestine | Large intestine or colon

Digestive system works in concert with

Excretory system | Circulatory system

How do we break down food?

Mechanical: chewing Enzymatic: Using enzymes, a type of protein that breaks down larger molecules into their smaller components

Enzymes

are molecular scissors

Carbohydrates

Monomers- monosachharides like glucose and fructose | Polymer- starch

Lipids

Monomers- fatty acids and glycerol | Polymer - lipids, triglycerols

Proteins

Monomer- amino acids | Polymers- Proteins

How are proteins broken down?

Pepsin in the stomach, and trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine The small intestine enzymes complete digestion to amino acids They are absorbed in the small intestine and transported into intestinal cells and the blood stream

Digestion of Carbohydrates

Starts in the mouth by salivary amylase Breaks into dissacharides additional starch digestion occurs in small intestine by pancreatic amylase Absorbed in the small intestine

Lipids

Most ingested lipids are in the form of triglycerides | Digestion takes place entirely in small intestine

Biuret Test (Testing for proteins)

React with peptide bonds Chains of amino acids Positive test results purple any other color is negative

Ninhydrin (Tests for proteins)

Tests for single amino acids Reacts with free amino groups positive test results are purple and yellow

Testing for Carbs: | Lugol's Test

Indicates the presence or absence of Starch Mono and disaccharides will test negative Postive test results are black/Purple color

Testing for lipids

Phenol Red Indicator Fats are neutral when they are broken into monomers of fatty acids they become acidic red-> yellow means more acidic

Excretory System Components

Kidney Bladder Urethra

Functions

``` Maintain osmoregulatory balance Remove matabolic wastes Refulate body fluid volume Regulate blood pressure Reuglate body salt and electolyte components Regulate blood pH ```