Quiz 6 Flashcards
John F. Kennedy
Served on pacific in WW2 Showed courage in rescuing his men after boat was split in half Irish- catholic Endorsed Cold War Promised new frontier
Election of 1960
Richard Nixon & John F. Kennedy TV debates Kennedy won 303 to 219 in electoral college 34,227,000 & 35,109,000 in popular vote Help minority groups
Richard Nixon
Thought politicians should represent constituents rather than personal views
Controversial
New Frontier
The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.
Camelot
JFK attracted intellectuals to Washington D.C., the best and brightest wanted to be there
McGeorge Bundy – Harvard
Robert McNamara – Harvard
Camelot is an image of Youthful, vigorous, beautiful
Berlin Wall
In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was eventually torn down in 1989
Bay of Pigs - 1961
The Bay of Pigs was an American attempt to overthrow the newly established communist government in Cuba by training and sending Cuban rebels. The coup ended up in a disaster due to the lack of support by the Americans. The incident was an embarrassment for the U.S. and ultimately led to Castro pleading for Soviet aid (Cuban Missile Crisis)
Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis was an incident where Soviet missiles were placed in Cuba as a response for help. The event greatly increased tensions between the Soviets and the Americans. As a result, a hotline was established between the two nations to avoid any accidents.
Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev agreed to the U.S. demands a week later.
Lee Harvey Oswald
1963 assassinated president Kennedy
2 dates later he was killed
Nov. 22, 1963
Dallas Texas
President assassinated
Magic bullet
Hit through throat then head
Warren commission
Suggested that Oswald acted alone A lot of conspiracy issues CIA PLOT Magic Bullet Point is to investigate if someone paid for the assasination of Kennedy
Civil Rights Act of 1964
1964
Outlawing discrimination & employment based on gender, color, skin, religion
Economic Opportunity Act law enacted in 1964 that provided funds for youth programs antipoverty measures, small-
Jobs Corps
Finance local antipoverty efforts
Train the unskilled
Lend money to small businesses in poor areas
Trying to help small business or poor areas
Medicare Act
Medicare – Jan. 1965
People over 65
Part a- hospital insurance for retired
Part b – Optional covering Dr. bills
Medicaid
Medicaid help states pay medical expenses for poor even under 65
Can’t get Medicaid until impoverished
Elementary & second education act
provided education aid to states based on the number of children from low income homes. It created Head Start (a program for poor preschoolers)
Voting Rights Act - 1965
Federal government intervened to protect black registration and voting for state, local and federal
Immigration Act - 1965
290,000 total and priority given based on job skills and political asylum
120,000 to Western Hemisphere
Richard M. Nixon
Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using “Vietnamization”, which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.
Vietnamization
President Nixon’s policy to withdraw the 540,000 U.S. troops in South Vietnam over an extended period. It would bring and end to the war in 1973. transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam.
My lai massacre
My Lai Massacre 1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war. produced outrage and reduced support for the war in America and around the world when details of the massacre and an attempted cover-up were revealed in 1971.
Detente
Henry Kissinger
Containment seemed to bring China and USSR together
1st sent Kissinger to China and USSR
2nd 1972 Nixon and Kissinger to China
Promote economic and cultural exchanges
China into the UN
Exports to China up to $4 billion by 1980
3rd May 1972 – Nixon and Kissinger to USSR
SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
No more making nuclear ballistic missiles
Reduce anti-ballistic missiles
Sold grain to USSR
4th Get out of Vietnam
Getting along
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)
mutual effort by the US and Soviet Union to limit the growth of their nuclear weapons but still maintaining a sufficient amount to deter a surprise attack
Henry Kissinger
National Security Advisor and Secretary of State during the Nixon Administration, he was responsible for negotiating an end to the Yom Kippur War as well as the Treaty of Paris that led to a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973
Environmental Protection Agency
by Richard Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment. The creation of the it marked a newfound commitment by the federal government to actively combat environmental risks and was a significant triumph for the environmentalist movement.
CREEP
Republican Committee for the Re-election of the President. This committee managed to raise tens of millions of dollars often unethical, secrective and even unlawful means. It also used dirty tricks such as sabotage and espionage against the Democratic candidate of 1972 (George McGovern). Two months before Nixon’s renomination 5 members, who we now know were members of CREEP, were arrested at Watergate for breaking in.
Watergate
Watergate is a name given to the scandal the Nixon administration committed during the ‘72 presidential election where hired “goons” broke into Democrat HQ at Watergate hotel for any dirt. This scandal revealed several other dirty plays Nixon’s administration did the years leading up to the election and forced him to resign and killed the faith the public had in the government.
Aug. 8, 1974
Nixon resigns from office
Aug. 9, 1974
Nixon resigns presidency & Gerald ford becomes president
Saturday night massacre
He dismissed archobold cox
Leon Jawarski
2nd prosecutor for water gate scandal
Defensive Highway Act - 1956
Measure that provided federal funding to build a nationwide system of interstate and defense highways
gulf of tonkin resolution
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.
Dien Bien Phu
Dien Bien Phu In 1946, war broke out between communist insurgents in North Vietnam, called the Viet Minh, and the French Colonial government. In the spring of 1954, the Viet Minh surrounded and destroyed the primary French fortress in North Vietnam at Dien Bien Phu. The defeat was so disastrous for the French that they decided to withdraw from Vietnam.
Ngo Dinh Diem
a conservative anti-communist who overthrew Bao Dai, the emperor of southern Vietnam, when it seemed likely that a communist leader would be elected in the upcoming elections
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
(SEATO)
Southeast Treaty Organization; an alliance formed to oppose Communism in Southeast Asia. Includes USA, UK, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand
May 14, 1948 - Israel
1948; it was created as the Jewish homeland for all the surviving and misplaced Jews from the Holocaust. It was originally part of Palestine and its creation angered neighboring Arab countries. Its creation was supported by Truman and then down played by Eisenhower for political reasons
Nikita Khrushchev
Succeeded Stalin as the head of the Soviet Communist Party and became the Soviet premier.
Eisenhower Doctrine - 1957
policy of the US that it would defend the middle east against attack by any communist country. Restatement of the containment policy
Sputnik
The world’s first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US. It sparked fears of Soviet domination in technology and led to NASA and the outer space race
U-2 Affair - 1960
1960; an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the Soviets produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.
Fidel Castro
Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state. He was prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and has been president of the government and First Secretary of the Communist Party since 1976 (until recently)
McCarran Act
United States federal law that required the registration of Communist organizations with the Attorney General, publish their records and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons thought to be engaged in “un-American” activities, including homosexuals
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka - 1954
1954; Supreme Court decision that held that racially segregated education, which prevailed in much of the South, was unconstitutional. The ruling overturned the doctrine of “separate but equal” that had provided the legal justification for racial segregation ever since 1896
Clinton Tennessee - 1956
In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower’s patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.
Rosa Parks
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
Montgomery bus boycott
After Rosa Parks is arrested, MLK rallies the black community to do this. This seriously hurt the bus companies. This lasted more than a year, and ended in ‘56 when the SC declared segregated buses unconstitutional.
Martin Luther king
civil rights leader and Baptist preacher who rose to prominence with the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 and founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957. He was an outspoken advocate for black rights throughout the 1960s, most famously during the 1963 March on Washington where he delivered the “I Have a Dream Speech.” He was assasinated in Memphis in 1968 while supporting a sanitation workers’ strike
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, founded by MLK, which taught that civil rights could be achieved through nonviolent protests.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Congress of Racial Equality. Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the “Double V” campaign, or victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. After World War II, CORE became a major force in the civil rights movement.
Malcolm X
The most celebrated of black muslims. He died in 1965 when black gunmen, presumebly under orders from rivals within the Nation of Islam, assassinated him. He was originially for segregation, but after his trip to Mecca he wanted integration and spoke of the brotherhood of mankind.
“Letter of Birmingham Jail”
A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn’t speak out against racism.
“I have a dream speech”
In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy’s civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his “I Have a Dream” speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
These two were Soviet spies sent to steal information and technology. They helped the Soviets developed the atomic bomb, and their executions drew sympathy from those tired of the “red-hunts”
Alger Hiss
a State Department official accused of spying for the Soviets. The issues he caused reflected the opinions of the Cold War. War Hawks believed that he and communists were infiltrating the country while Peace Doves believed that his conviction was an act against a loyal servant.
Joseph McCarthy
A Republican Senator known for his blatant accusations of people for being suspected communists creating a “witch-hunt” for communists. He reflected a time where there was a great fear or the Soviets and communism. In addition, he ruined the lives of many innocent Americans.
Department of Health Education and Welfare
this administration was created in 1953 was the first administration of the US government dedicated to the well being of the citizens
John Foster Dulles
Eisenhower’s Sec. of State; harsh anti-Communist; called for more radical measures to roll back communism where it had already spread (containment too cautious)
Massive Retaliation
The “new look” defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950’s was to threaten “massive retaliation” with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.
