Finals Flashcards
Religious Act of Toleration
- guaranteed freedom of religion
- only if they believed in Jesus Christ
- 1649
Treaty of Tordesillas
- 1494
- negotiated by pope
- resolved territorial claims of Spain & Portugal
- Portugal was granted Brazil
- Spain granted rest of land
Roger Williams
- extreme separatist
- arrived in Massachusetts in 1631
- joined church in Salem
- elected him minister
- offended property owners by saying national sin for anyone to take land w/o buying it from Indians
Salem Witchcraft Trials
- 3 girls were “bewitched”
- 3 women accused who lacked appearance & no reputation
- went to general court
- accused of practicing witchcraft & in jail
- 1692
- more + more witches
- most were put to death I was they confessed
- anyone defensive could get charged also
Enlightenment
- intellectual movement of 18th century
- celebrated human reason & scientific advances
- expressed doubts about truth claims of sacred text
- 1749’s
Stamp Act Congress
- meeting in NY city
- delegates of colonial assemblies in US
- protesting stamp act ( measure passed by parliament)
- 1760’s
Thomas Paine
- Common Sense
-Called for complete independence
-Attacked idea of monarchy
-150,000 copies sold
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Columbian Exchange
- Transfer of Plants, Animals, Diseases from Africa, Asia
- Exchanges came to America after Columbus’s voyage in 1492
Headright System
- Land Distribution
- Adopted first in Virginia, then Maryland
- Gave colonists 50 acres
- Another 50 acres for each person they brought with them
- Mainly used for large plantation owners
Mayflower Compact
- Some claim to be free from governmental control
- Came up with compact
- Signed of Mayflower by the pilgrims
- 1620
- Established body politic & to obey governors they chose
Quakers
- religious organization
- founded in England in 1640’s
- believed Holy Spirit lived in everyone
- embraced religious tolerance
Treaty of Paris 1763
- 1763
- Restored peace
- France abandoned all claim to North America except 2 small islands
- Great Britain took over Canada in eastern half Mississippi valley
- Spain got back Philippine islands in Cuba
Boston Massacre
- March 5, 1770
- Crowd threw snowballs at redcoats
- Soldiers shot five people
- Sentiment against british
Battle of Saratoga
- October 17
- American forces under: Schuyler, heratio gates, Benedict Arnold
- American forces very defensive
- Burgoyne surrendered
- 5,700 British prisoners marched off to Virginia
John Peter Zenger Trial
- Edited NY weekly journal
- Governer Cosby fed up with ads referring to supports as Spanials and him as monkey
- Cosby shut down paper and arrested Zenger
Bacons Rebellion
- 1676
- led by Nathaniel bacon
- against gov Berkeley
- Berkely said no to bacons idea of getting rid of the Indians so he took matters onto himself and then burned Jamestown
- after he died, rebellion collapsed
Half-way Covenant
- provided limited membership for non sinners
- could be baptized w/ children
- sacrament of communion= full members
- 1650’s
Navigation Acts
- to control trade within British empire
- bring gold & silver into royal treasury
- raw materials into England
- foreign goods & vessels out of colonial parts
Coercive Acts
- parliament in 1774
- punished botson & Massachusetts for destruction of tea during Boston tea party
- saw as intolerable
- moved towards war
Northwest Ordinance
who: Thomas Jefferson, committee, congress and the forming territories
when: 1787
where: West
what: W wanting to establish governments
- ruled by governor and 3 judges until male population was 5,000
- when 5,000 me of voting age were settled they could then elect a legislature
- when population was 60,000 people it became a state
- could draft a constitution and acted in any way it wished
New Jersey Plan
- New Jersey delegate William Paterson to create a federal legislature in which each state was represented equally
- Became embodied in the United States Constitution through the senate
- Each state had 2 representatives
- Counterbalanced by the House of Representatives in which each states representation was proportional to its population
Embargo Act
- A law passed by congress prohibiting all American Exports
- 1807
- Proposed by President Thomas Jefferson
- Sought to pressure Britain and France then at war with each other into recognizing neutral rights
Hartford Convention
when: 1814 & 1815
where: Hartford Connecticut
what: protesting against the war, didn’t want it, wasting money, hosted convention to revise constitution, supported states rights, weakened fed gov, nothing proposed was treasonable
Alien and Sedition Acts
- 4 laws passed by the federalists dominated congress in 1798 directed against sympathizers to the French Revolution
- The laws made it more difficult for immigrants to gain citizenship had lapsed in 1802
Articles of Confederation
- who: John Dickinson
when: 1777 submitted to colonies to ratify
where: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
what: - first of government - one house = legislature (2-7 representatives)
- one vote per state all have to agree
- no taxing had to ask for money
- power was with the states
Marbury v. Madison
- In 1803, Supreme Court ruling that declared the Judiciary act of 1789
- Unconstitutional and established the precedent for judicial review of federal laws
Louisiana Purchase
who: Jefferson, Livingston, and French
when: 1803
where: Louisiana
what: Spain gave Louisiana back to French, offered to U.S. Jefferson wanted to take it but wasn’t sure if he could due to the constitution. Thought about making an amendment but realized take too long. with approval of gov stated it was a good thing and benefit for our country. Some people upset because they did it secretly. Put final offer on all of Louisiana at 15 million and it was a deal
Missouri Compromise
- A legislative deal
- Brokered in 1820
- Preserved the balance of slave and free states in the Union admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
Whiskey Rebellion
- A violent protest by western Pennsylvania
- Farmers who refused to pay the whiskey tax proposed by Alexander Hamilton
- In 1794 the rebels threatened to destroy Pittsburg
- By the Time the army had arrived, the rebels had dispersed
XYZ Affair
- A political furor caused by French Diplomats
- In 1797, demanded a bribe before they would enter into negotiations with American counterparts
- Federalists furious over this assault on National Honor called for war
Monroe Doctrine
- Foreign policy edict propounded by President James Monroe in 1823
- American continents were no longer open to European colonization
- U.S. would not interfere in the internal affairs of European nations
3/5 Compromise
- Provision in the constitution that defines slaves for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives and state tax payments
- Not as full persons, but as constituting only 3/5 of a person
American System
- Senator Henry Clays planned for National Economic Development
- Included protective tariffs, a national bank and federal subsidies for railroad and canal construction
