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Small Animal Med > Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

episodic

A

weakness that results after an animal exercises but dissipates when animal rests
easily fatigued
quit in the middle of what they are doing

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2
Q

episodic weakness signs

A

ataxia
paresis
severe panting
stationary animal-reluctance to move
lying down at every opportunity
exhaustion and collapse

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3
Q

ataxia

A

failure of muscular coordination

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4
Q

paresis

A

slight or incomplete paralysis

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5
Q

diseases that manifest with electrolyte imbalances

A

hyperkalemia
hypokalemia
hypercalcemia
hypocalcemia

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6
Q

hyperkalemia

A

higher K+ in blood

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7
Q

hypokalemia

A

low K+ in blood

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8
Q

hypercalcemia

A

high Ca+ in blood

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9
Q

hypocalcemia

A

low Ca+ in blood

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10
Q

hypoglycemia

A

related to diabetes
energy required for muscle contraction
energy< glycogen< blood glucose

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11
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitting agent that allows action potential to occur and consequent muscle contraction

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12
Q

calcium ion

A

causes acetylcholine to be released
crucial for normal muscle contraction`

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13
Q

diseases that prevent aerobic glycolysis

A

vigorous exercise increases O2 demands and lactic acid increase
cardiac disease-heart worms- supply decreased O2 to body cells
pulmonary disease

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14
Q

aerobic glycolysis

A

generates energy within skeletal muscles
requires O2 for this

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15
Q

primary muscle disease

A

myopathies
myositis

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16
Q

myopathies

A

disease of the muscle

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17
Q

myositis

A

inflammation/ infection of muscle

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18
Q

autoimmune disease

A

affect acetylcholine receptors
myasthenia gravis causes muscle fasciculations at rest but easily fatigue during exercise

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19
Q

diagnostic plan for episodic weakness

A

history
physical exam
a) neurologic exam
b) muscle palpation
CBC, profile, urinalysis and ELISA
electrocardiogram
thoracic radiographs

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20
Q

cardiopulmonary disease

A

coughing, fainting, cyanosis, edema, pale muscle membranes

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21
Q

episodic weakness

A

damage to nerve and misuse can cause atrophy

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22
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst persisting for long periods of time
constant drinking
Pd

23
Q

polyuria

A

passage of a large volume of urine in a given period
urine has a decreased SG
Pu

24
Q

Pd and Pu both

A

consistently appear in several polysystemic disorders

25
Q

polydipsia usually results from

A

primary polyuria

26
Q

bar scene syndrome

A

1st basic principle- water in=water out
dehydrate when pee so often
2nd basic principle- overhydration vs dehydration
too much water

27
Q

thirst

A

desire for water

28
Q

thirst center

A

located in the hypothalamus
stimulates to drink

29
Q

antidiuretic hormone control center

A

lies adjacent to thirst center
controlled by extracellular fluid osmolality

30
Q

primary thirst

A

well understood
intracellular dehydration
left atrial volume and pressure receptors> 8-10% decrease in blood volume increases thirst
-not primary mechanism that determines water intake

31
Q

secondary thirst

A

not well understood
anticipates water needs prior to actual deficiencies
more common cause of Pd

32
Q

dipsiongenic

A

compounds that stimulate thirst by direct action on neurons in the thirst center

33
Q

pathologic thirst causes

A

neuronal irritation (tumor, trauma, inflammation)
pseudopsychogenic polydipsia
increases plasma renin
hypercalcemia
thoracic caval constriction

34
Q

pseudopsychogenic polydipsia

A

compulsive water drinking
-anxiety? boredom?

35
Q

compensatory polypuria

A

caused by increased water take

36
Q

renal concentrating mechanisms

A

ADH- osmoreceptor control system
countercurrent system

37
Q

ADH- osmoreceptor control system

A

ADH produced by specialized neurons (hypothalamus)
stored in nerve endings
increased extracellular fluid osmolality-> increase ADH release -> increased collecting tubule permeability-> water reabsorbed

38
Q

countercurrent system

A

loops of henle
water reabsorbed along concentration gradients established in the renal medulla-> this decreases osmolarity

39
Q

isosthenuric

A

glomerular filtrate with a specific gravity equal plasma which is 1.008-1.012
urine more concentrated than glomerular filtrate

40
Q

iatrogenic

A

induced by humans
drug induced

41
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

neurogenic- neural injury causing a deficiency of ADH
nephrogenic- tubule enzyme deficiency causing an unresponsive to ADH

42
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

insulin deficiency
hyperglycemia-> glucosuria causing increased absorbable solute

43
Q

hyperadrenocorticism

A

increased production of glucocorticoids
ADH inhibition at collecting ducts
cushing’s disease

44
Q

hypercalcemia

A

cancer
inhibition of ADH then mineralization of the kidney -> chronic renal failure

45
Q

medullary washout

A

loss of countercurrent multiplier system

46
Q

pyometra

A

tubule unresponsive to ADH

47
Q

renal disease

A

decrease renal concentrating mechanisms

48
Q

disease that produce Pd and Pu

A

diabetes insipidus
diabetes mellitus
hyperadrenocorticism
hypercalciuma
hyperthyroidism
liver failure
medullary washout
pyometra
pseudophycogenic polydipsia
renal disease
iatrogenic

49
Q

diuretics

A

mannitol, dextrose, furosemide -> osmotic diuresis

50
Q

Pd and Pu diagnostic plan

A
  1. document that problems and p and p exist- owners mislead
  2. data base> clues for diagnosis
  3. perform urine concentration test
  4. perform special diagnostic tests
    small animals usually have polyuria as primary problem with compensatory polypipsia
51
Q

Pd and Pu physical exam

A

be complete, weight and hydration status, pcv, and plasma proteins, urine specific gravity
animals with SG > 1.035 not polyuric
measure animals water consumption

52
Q

water deprivation test

A

dont do if azotemic, dehydrated or hypercalcemic
12 hr fast-> blood serum osmolality, obtain urine SG
-evaluate every 3-4 hours
terminate when concentrated urine is produced, weight loss of 7%+ occurs or increase in plasma protein/ osmolality
failure to concentrate urine can be attributed to :
1. ADH deficiency
2. ADH unresponsiveness
3. primary renal disease
4. medullary washout

53
Q

ADH (vasopressin) response test

A

when animals fail to concentrate urine
obtain urine SG withhold water and food, give SQ vasopressin tannate, take urine SG @ 30 min
SG> 1.015 are normal; failure to responds indicates primary renal disease, diabetes insipidus or medullary washout

Small Animal Med (8 decks)

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