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Small Animal Med > Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

SOAP Method

A

subjective
objective
assessment
plan

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2
Q

subjective

A

client observations
opinions, concerns, requests
what their impressions are

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3
Q

objective

A

relevant history
physical exam
just facts, put down what you find

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4
Q

assessment

A

differential diagnosis (at least 5)
interpret results

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5
Q

plan

A

actions (tests) and activities (treatments)
diet, fluids, follow up care
when to come back for recheck/ progress assessment

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6
Q

problem-oriented approach

A

structural way of evaluating animals

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7
Q

POMR

A

problem-oriented medical record
encourages sound logic to evaluate patients

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8
Q

POA

A

problem oriented approach
diseases alters anatomy/physiology of animal to cause clinical signs (“problems”)
identify problems to determine why they are occurring
perform rule outs
only necessary diagnostic tests performed to eliminate the rule outs

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9
Q

4 steps to POA

A

data base collection
problem identification
plan formulation
assessment and follow up

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10
Q

DAMNIT-V

A

Degenerative
Anomaly
Metabolic
neoplastic; nutritional
inflammatory; infections; immune related
trauma; toxicity
vascular

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11
Q

data base collection

A

identify all problems will necessary information
A. complete history
most important procedure to allow correct medical problem solving
determine chief complaint
techniques of history taken
B. physical exam-takes 5-8 min
most important part of data base
diagnostic tests used to clarify P.E and move forward, use lab tests in conjuction
profile, cbc, urinalysis gives a lot of useful info

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12
Q

problem identification

A

report what you find
number problems consecutively (MPL)

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13
Q

problem

A

any abnormality requiring medical/surgical management or that interferes with quality of life

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14
Q

MPL

A

master problem list
table of contents, on front of medical chart

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15
Q

plan formation

A

problems identified, MPL is done, devise a plan
3 different components, use plan to treat the problem

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16
Q

diagnostic plan

A

formulated and written for each problem
prioritize MPL, worst problems to top
rule outs listed under each problem
diagnostic tests chosen to eliminate rule out

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17
Q

therapeutic plan

A

therapy must be initiated to resolve identified problems
as much time spent evaluating treatment as in diagnosing the underlying disease

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18
Q

client/ owner education

A

as important/ more important than what you do for the animal
give clients info about animals problems, general condition, treatment, diagnosis and prognosis

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19
Q

assessment/ follow up

A

logical approach to interpretation of other 3 steps
through written form addressing each specific problem

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20
Q

pyrexia

A

fever/ elevation of body temperature
pathologic or physiologic
normal temp from 101-102

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21
Q

intermittent

A

temp falls to normal and rises each day

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22
Q

remittent

A

temp varies but always is high

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23
Q

relapsing

A

high one day, normal >1 day then repeats

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24
Q

septic

A

large variations in temp during the day

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25
Q

hypothalamus is

A

thermoregulatory center

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26
Q

heat is primarily generated by

A

liver’s oxidation of nutrients
the muscles exercise (physical activity)

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27
Q

heat is dissipated through the body via

A

radiation
vaporization=panting
convection= transfer of energy through the skin (not common)

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28
Q

compensation for increased body temp

A

vasoconstriction
increased muscular activity

29
Q

compensation for decreased body temp

A

vasodilation (sweating)
panting
decreased muscular activity

30
Q

activators of fever

A

pyrogens

31
Q

exogenous pyrogens

A

originate from outside the body
bacterial endotoxins
gram + bacteria
virus
tumors
simulate endogenous

32
Q

endogenous pyrogens

A

originate from within
protein mediators (released from neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils)
produced as a result of stimulation from exogenous pyrogens
actual fever-inducing compunds

33
Q

benefits from fever

A

inhibits growth of microorganisms
reduces serum Fe levels so there is less available for bacterial metabolism
decreases ability of bacteria to chelate Fe
proteolytic enzymes released that destroy virus
increase production of interferon
increases leukocyte motility& phagotic activity

34
Q

harm from fever

A

can harm cell metabolism
not tolerated by animal very long
>106 degrees

35
Q

diagnostic plan to pyrexia

A

acute inflammatory pyrexia easy to diagnose and explain in p.e
unexplained pyrexia (chronic inflammation) called FUO, not easily determined

36
Q

FUO

A

fevers of unknown origin

37
Q

FUO characteristics

A

duration of at least 2 weeks
temp exceeding normal by 1.5 degrees
no obvious reason

38
Q

FUO disease category

A

infectious- bacterial, fungal, viral, etc
immune-mediated
neoplastic
drug-induced

39
Q

Things to consider with FUO

A

history
physical exam
cbc
profile
urinalysis

40
Q

most common cause of FUO in cats

A

FIP (titer) and FeLV (test)
toxoplasmosis (titer)
FIV

41
Q

hunger

A

craving or desire to ingest food
quantity

42
Q

appetite

A

hunger for a specific food
quality

43
Q

satiety

A

filling meal
satisfied

44
Q

hypothalamus centers for hunger and satiety

A

lateral hypothalamus
-hunger/ feeding center
-stimulation results in appetite
ventromedial nuclei
-satiety center (inhibits feeding center)

45
Q

amygala

A

part of olfactory nervous system
aroma=desire to eat
odor=inappetite
functions in food discrimination

46
Q

cortical regions of limbic system

A

function is animal’s drive to search for food when hungry

47
Q

gastrointestinal distension

A

distension inhibits feeding
distension >mechanoreceptors in stomach lining> nerve impulse>stimulates satiety center> inhibits feeding center
overstretching abdominal cavity works similar
nutritional signs from liver inhibit feeding
ALL USED TO CONTROL OVEREATING

48
Q

cephalic regulation

A

chewing, salivation, swallowing and tasting
may also inhibit feeding center

49
Q

anorexia

A

lack or disinterest in the ingestion of food
absence of hunger
results from many disease processes that inhibit activity in hunger center/ stimulate activity in satiety center

50
Q

anorexia considerations

A

disease that involves neural control of feeding
affects appetite center of hypothalamus, results in complete anorexia is destroyed
fear, anxiety, depression, new environments can cause anorexia
severe pain from any body part (especially intracranial) may result in anorexia

51
Q

primary anorexia

A

in the brain> inhibit hunger center
increased intracranial pressure (could be from head trauma)
headache
hypothalamic or psychologic disorders
loss of smell

52
Q

secondary anorexia

A

majority of cases
involves areas outside the brain, affect neural and endocrine control of hunger
pain-inhibits hunger center and hunger
abdominal organ disorders
toxic agents
endocrine-hypercalcemia
neoplasia
infectious disease
misc (cardiac failure, motion sickness etc)

53
Q

psuedoanorexia

A

does not suppress desire to eat, results in inability to pick up or swallow food
disorders or oral cavity (broken/ abscessed tooth, foreign body,-itis of oral organs)
tetanus
maxillary/ mandibular fractures
blindness

54
Q

esophagitis

A

inflammation/infection of esophagus

55
Q

temporomandibular myositis

A

chewing difficulty

56
Q

hypoglossal paralysis

A

can’t use tongue

57
Q

mandibular paralysis

A

can’t use jaw

58
Q

pyometra

A

enlargement or serosal distension

59
Q

neoplasia

A

inhibits feeding regulators> trigger anorexia

60
Q

inflammation

A

neural pathways to brain inhibit appetite

61
Q

exogenous toxin

A

drugs, poisons

62
Q

endogenous toxin

A

organ failure, endotoxin and pyrogens

63
Q

hypercalcemia

A

large amount of calcium in blood which can lead to cancer

64
Q

diagnostic plan for anorexia

A

history
identify the underlying cause
identify pseudo anorexia upon P.E
B. Secondary anorexia
abdominal palpation is critical
through history and P.E, CBC, profile, urinalysis
rule out systemic, metabolic, and endocrinologic dzs
C. primary anorexia
when no abnormality detected
thorough neurologic exam, if normal consider psychologic disorder
review through everything before confront client

65
Q

polyphagia

A

ravenous appetite, consumption of food in excess or normal/ calculated intake
physiologic, psychologic, or pathologic origin

66
Q

primary polyphagia

A

result from directly destroying satiety center in brain stem and results in severe obesity
this is rare

67
Q

secondary polyphagia

A

results form diseases that create a negative caloric balance/ increased metabolic rate
causes inhibition of satiety center and simulation of hunger center
most common form

68
Q

in normal animals

A

the accumulation of fat stores in the body tends to decrease feeding desire

69
Q

diagnostic plan for polyphagia (Pp)

A

all causes result in weight gain except those with increased metabolic rates or catabolic disorders
A.determine if animals weight has increase/decreased/stayed the same, if decreased consider above
B. History and physical exam
CBC, profile, urinalysis
if there is hypoglycemia and anemia

Small Animal Med (8 decks)

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