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Psychology 1X03 > Quiz 5 Prep- Languages > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Prep- Languages Flashcards

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1
Q

What outlines a true language?

A

Language is regular, arbitrary and productive

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2
Q

Define “language is regular”

A

Governed by rules and grammar

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3
Q

Define “language is arbitrary”

A

There is lack of resemblance between words and their meanings

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4
Q

Define “language is productive”

A

Limitless ways to combine words to describe objects, situations and objects

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5
Q

How do infants prove that language is productive?

A

They use novel words and phrases to combine sentences that have never been taught

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6
Q

What is the Sapir-Wolf Hypothesis

A

Language influences how we perceive and influence the world and our culture

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7
Q

Are thoughts and language the same?

A

No

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8
Q

What form can thoughts take?

A

Language

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9
Q

What happens if people from a different culture hear a new language?

A

They have a difficult time discriminating between the different terms

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10
Q

Describe the Piraha tribe language

A

Native language containing 3 counting words- only identify “one, two, many”

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11
Q

What did the tribe have difficulty with?

A

Understanding numerical concepts greater than 3

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12
Q

How many languages are there

A

Over 3000

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13
Q

Define morpheme

A

Smallest unit of sound that contains information

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14
Q

Can words have multiple morphemes?

A

Yes, they are often a word but some words contain multiple

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15
Q

Give example of word with multiple morphemes

A

Tablecloth

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16
Q

How many morphemes are in “tables”?

A

Two

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17
Q

Define phoneme

A

The smallest unit of sound in speech

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18
Q

How many phonemes are in the word “dog”?

A

3

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19
Q

Define syntax

A

Rules that govern how words in a sentence are put together

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20
Q

What does syntax relate to?

A
  • grammar
  • regularity
  • assigning objects a gender
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21
Q

Define semantics

A

Meaning of each individual word

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22
Q

How does syntax and semantics relate?

A

A word can have perfect syntactical structure but contain no meaning

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23
Q

Define babbling

A

Drawn out sounds made up of a variety of combinations of vowels and consontants

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24
Q

Why does babbling sound like questioning

A

It includes rhythm and inflection

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25
Q

When do children experience language explosion

A

Between 1.5-6 years of age

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26
Q

Describe experiment of infants and speech profiency

A
  • familiarized infants aged 7.5-12 months with target word
  • wanted to know if infants can detect target words from speech stream
27
Q

What was the result of the Newman experiment?

A

Early speech segmentation skills showed positive correlation with expressive vocab at two years old

28
Q

What did children with good speech segmentation also portray

A

Stronger expressive vocab

29
Q

Between infants and adults, who can discriminate more phonemes?

A

Infants

30
Q

What does a child’s phonemic sensitivity depend on?

A

The language they grew up with

31
Q

Define the “universal phenome sensitivty”

A

The ability of infants to discriminate between any sounds they’re tested on
- includes sounds from non native languages

32
Q

How was phonemic sensitivity measured in infants

A

Head turn procedure

33
Q

Who performed worst in discriminating foreign phonemes?

A

English speaking adults

34
Q

Who did the English speaking babies perform alike

A

Hindi adults

35
Q

Can babies discriminate non native sounds?

A

Yes

36
Q

When do children lose the ability to discriminate non native phenomes?

A

After 1 year old

37
Q

What combination teaches kids language

A

Operant/ instrumental conditioning and imitation

38
Q

How do parents encourage language learning

A

Positive reinforcements

39
Q

What can a lack of early social interaction cause

A

Inability to develop language skills

40
Q

What do some people argue about children’s pace of language learning

A

Children language productivity is too fast to be driven by social interaction and reinforcement

41
Q

Define overextension

A

Children apply a rule to broadly- to a meaning or syntax

42
Q

Example of an overextension

A

“Doggy” can be known as any four legged animal

43
Q

Define overregularization

A

Child makes syntactical error by applying grammatical error too broadly

44
Q

Give example of overregularization

A

Using the word tooths instead of teeth

45
Q

What is overregularization a type of

A

Overextension

46
Q

Define underextension

A

Children apply a rule to specific object only

47
Q

Give examples of underextension

A
  • Doggy means only their pet dog and non others
  • Ducky means specific toy duck and not real one
48
Q

Define a language acquisition device

A

An inmate mechanism, present only in humans, that helps language develop rapidly according to universal rules

49
Q

Who developed the language acquisition device

A

Chomsky

50
Q

What was interesting about children born deaf?

A

They developed universal sign language without formally learning it

51
Q

True or false?
Support for one theory can act as evidence against the other

A

TRUE!

52
Q

Examples of: Support for one theory can act as evidence against the other

A
  • importance for social environment supports social learning theory
  • language errors like overextensions and overgeneralizations support innate mechanism theory
53
Q

What is the Waggle dance?

A

Consists of waggle phase where bees move forward in direction of food to locate it

54
Q

What techniques were used to teach animals human language

A

Instrumental conditioning

55
Q

Describe the experiment of Washoe the chimp

A

Taught how to communicate using ASL
- he could use it for simple requests and combined for complicated requests
- did not use systematic grammar

56
Q

What was the result of Washoe’s experiment

A

Language was productive, arbitrary and NOT regular

57
Q

Describe the experiment of Sarah the chimp

A

Raised in a lab setting and taught to use symbols to communicate
- used large vocab
- did not learn to combine to form sentences

58
Q

What was the result of Sarah’s experiment?

A

Language was regular, arbitrary but NOT productive

59
Q

Describe the experiment of Kanzi

A

Taught to use lexigrams to communicate
- through immersion and NOT instrumental conditioning
- communicated novel requests
- no advanced grammar

60
Q

What was the result of Kanzi’s experiment?

A

Language was arbitrary, productive but NOT regular

61
Q

At what age is optimal discrimination of sound

A

optimal discrimination occurs at ages less than 8 months

62
Q

What helps infants learn vowels and segmenting words

A

The exaggerated changes in pitch helps infants discriminate between vowel sounds, aiding in the learning of vowel sound categories.

63
Q

What is the correct order of language development?

A

makes cooing sounds, turns head toward voices, imitates sounds, babbles.

Psychology 1X03 (6 decks)

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