Quiz 4- Problem Solving and Intelligence

Question 1

How did Edward Boring define intelligence

Answer 1

“whatever intelligent tests measure”

Question 2

how do psychologists classify intelligence

Answer 2

-the ability to perform cognitive tasks
-the capacity to learn from experience and adapt

Question 3

what is the modern day definition of intelligence

Answer 3

the cognitive ability of an individual to learn from experience, reason well, remember important information and cope with demands of daily living

Question 4

does everyone agree on the definition of intelligence?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

what are the two types of reasoning to solve problems

Answer 5

deductive and inductive reasoning

Question 6

define deductive reasoning

Answer 6

person who works with ideas and general information to draw specific conclusions

Question 7

give an example of deductive reasoning

Answer 7

michelle is highly organized and detail oriented, therefore we assume her desk is free of clutter and neat

Question 8

define inductive reasoning

Answer 8

person gathers a specific fact and observation to draw general broad ideas

Question 9

give an example of inductive reasoning

Answer 9

sarah’s desk has scattered papers, an odd odor, and coffee stains therefore we assume that Sarah is disorganized

Question 10

define functional fixedness

Answer 10

our difficulty seeing alternate causes for common objects

Question 11

what are two important qualities of a test

Answer 11

reliability and validity

Question 12

define reliability of a test

Answer 12

measures the extent to which repeated testing produces consistent results

Question 13

define validity of a test

Answer 13

actually measuring what you set out to measure

Question 14

who did one of the first intelligence tests and attempted to measure intelligence by measuring participants reaction times

Answer 14

Francis Galton

Question 15

Define WAIS

Answer 15

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale

Question 16

Define WISC

Answer 16

Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children

Question 17

who developed WAIS, WISC and the IQ test

Answer 17

Alfred Binet

Question 18

How is IQ scoring done

Answer 18

• based on results of large samples of individuals who have taken the test
• tests are standardized so that someone who achieves the mean score based on thar large sample of individuals has IQ of 100

Question 19

what did Howard Garner propose

Answer 19

each type of intelligence is independent from others
- you can be brilliant in verbal intelligence and lacking musical intelligence

Question 20

identical twins IQ correlation

Answer 20

+0.8

Question 21

fraternal twin IQ correlation

Answer 21

+0.6

Question 22

what is the Flynn Effect

Answer 22

refers to the mean score for intelligence testing in population increasing since it was measured in 1932
- mean score always 100
- raw score steadily on the rise

Question 23

what does the Flynn effect argue as the reason for intelligence increase

Answer 23

• increased quality of schooling
• increased access to information
• increased nutrition and health
• increased tech, multimedia, video games

Question 24

what was Piaget’s fundamental idea

Answer 24

children are active learners
- by manipulating and exploring their environments, children incorporate new information into what they know

Question 25

define schema

Answer 25

mental framework for interpreting the world around us

Question 26

define assimilation

Answer 26

incorporating new information into existing schemas

Question 27

define accomodation

Answer 27

modifying existing schemas to fit incompatible information

Question 28

give an example of assimilation

Answer 28

once a child has a schema for birds based on the types of birds they have seen in their garden, they are able to incorporate new types of birds (e.g. parrots, seagulls) into their existing bird schema

Question 29

give an example of accomodation

Answer 29

a child who understands that a four-legged creature is called a dog. Then, the child encounters a cat and refers to it as a dog until corrected by a parent. After being corrected, the child can distinguish between a dog and a cat

Question 30

what are Piaget’s four stages of development

Answer 30

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

Question 31

define the sensorimotor stage

Answer 31

• age 0 to 2
• recognize he can change the environment
• major milestone is object permanence
  *objects can continue to exist even when he can’t see them anymore

Question 32

define the preoperational stage

Answer 32

• 2 to 7 years old
• egocentric, seriation, reversible relationships and conservation tasks are challenging

Question 33

define the concrete operational stage

Answer 33

• ages 7 to 12
• schemas are concrete and based on experiences with the world
• struggles to think in abstract terms

Question 34

describe the formal operational stage

Answer 34

• 12+
• master ability to think in abstract terms and understand theoretical terms
• begin developing interest in games, books and shows involving fantasy and role playing

Question 35

can you skip steps in Piaget’s stages?

Answer 35

no- must go through them all

Question 36

define confirmation bias

Answer 36

the tendency to seek out information that directly supports the hypothesis

Question 37

define a heuristic

Answer 37

a mental shortcut used to solve a problem quickly and often
- reduce effort and simplify decision making

Question 38

define the representative heuristic

Answer 38

Estimate the likelihood of a current example by comparing it to an existing prototype in our mind of what we consider to be the most relevant or typical example of a particular category

Question 39

define the availability heuristic

Answer 39

Used when you are looking to judge the frequency with which an event occurs, which we can estimate by relying on the relative frequency of examples that are most available to us in memory.