Quiz 5 Flashcards
1
Q
How do vaccines work?
A
by mimicking natural infection. immune system exposed to antigen and mounts a small immune response
2
Q
what cells are developed after a vaccine?
A
memory B cells and T cells
3
Q
memory B cells
A
produce antibodies
4
Q
memory T cells
A
kill infected cell s
5
Q
what happens when you are exposed to the same bacteria or virus after you get a vaccine
A
your immune system will be able to respond quicker
6
Q
live-attenuated vaccines
A
made with pathogen that is alive but weakened. it can still reproduce but not cause disease
7
Q
example of live-attenuated vaccine
A
MMR vaccine
8
Q
inactivated or killed vaccine
A
pathogen is completely dead, but the antigen still promotes an immune response
9
Q
example of inactivated or killed vaccine
A
Salk polio
10
Q
toxoid vaccines
A
don’t use from pathogen’s surface you use - inactivated version of the toxin that the bacteria produces is used
11
Q
example of toxoid vaccine
A
DTaP
12
Q
subunit vaccine
A
only part of the pathogen is used to make the vaccine
13
Q
example of subunit vaccine
A
Pertussis portion of DTap
14
Q
RNA vaccines
A
use short RNA transcripts wrapped in simple lipids. lips vesicles enter human cells and deliver RNA which go to ribosomes and produce viral proteins. proteins on cells surface trigger immune response and production of memory B and T cells specific to the viral protein
15
Q
example of RNA vaccine
A
Covid
16
Q
virus- like particles
A
technology where capsid or envelope of virus is made in lab but without genetic material inside - antigens can can be presented to immune system with risk of virus causing infection
17
Q
example of virus-like particles vaccine
A
HPV vaccine
18
Q
maternally-administered vaccines
A
inoculate mother, who passes antibodies to infant through breast milk
19
Q
example of maternally-administered vaccines
A
RSV
20
Q
Adjuvants
A
chemical additives to vaccines that boost immune response
- clumping vaccine particles at injection site - recruit more APC’s
- directly stimulating immune cells
21
Q
Aluminum based compounds
A
only adjuvants licensed for use in US
included in HepA and HepB
22
Q
Thimerosol
A
preservative - containing trace amounts of mercury
23
Q
why was thimerosol used?
A
prolong shelf life
24
Q
why did they stop using thimerosol
A
better preservatives were developed
25
what still uses thimerosol
some multi-dose flu vaccine vitals
- taken out of all children vaccines under 6
26
what do anti-vax believe about thimerosol
possible reason for vaccine causing autism
used in MMR shot
27
what is the first stage of vaccine development
testing within animals or human tissues in the lab
28
what do scientists do to the virus in the lab?
inactivate the virus and assess the safety of the resulting particles
29
how does a vaccine progress to clinical trials?
once it's shown to produce an appropriate immune response
30
reverse vaccinology
epitope prediction
31
Epitope
specific chemical site on antigen to which an antibody bites
32
how do they use epitopes to create vaccines
identify good epitopes for antibody binding
see if there is an epitope that is found on the surface of most or all strains of HIV - use as target for vaccine development
33
how is reverse vaccineology used?
compare genetic sequence of different strains of the vaccine, find region where genome is consistent > areas that don't mutate much probably because virus needs that protein to survive. this is good antigen to include in vaccine
34
what is the most common method for delivering vaccines
intramuscular injection
35
other methods to deliver vaccines? - live vaccines
oral (sabin polio vaccine) and nasal sprays
36
vaccine patches
have needles coated in vaccine that penetrate the outermost lay of skin
37
why are vaccine patches promising
because there are more immune cells right under the surface of your skin than in deep muscles
38
antibiotic
naturally occurring compound that can kill a microbial organism
39
antimicrobial
group of compounds that includes antibiotics as well as synthetic compounds that can kill bacteria
40
empiric therapy
prescribe general antibiotic until identified
41
definitive therapy
bacteria identified from lab - prescribe antibiotic specific to that pathogen
42
what is one cause of antibiotic resistance?
doctors not switching from general antibiotic to specific when a specific pathogen is identified
43
tetracycline
found in ancient relics
44
who came up with concept of drug working as magic bullet
Paul relish - screened chemicals of syphilis treatment
45
who discovered penicillin
Alexander fleming
46
who purified and disseminated penicillin widely?
Florey and chain - British researchers
47
beta lactams
type of antibiotic that include penicillin and cephalosporin
48
what structure are beta lactams, and how do they work
double ring - work by interfering with protein that constructs bacteria cells walls
49
what are beta lactams not effective against
certain types of atypical organisms such as MRSA
50
tetracyclines
antibiotics that interfere with ribosomes functions
51
what structure are tetracyclines, and how do they work
4 ring - physically prevent binding tRNA to the ribosome
52
anti-metabolites
function by mimicking a chemical that the bacteria needs to metabolize to survive
53
pharmacodynamics
how antibiotics interact with both bacteria and the patient - can impact how effective antibiotic is going to be
54
bacteriostatic
bacterial growth
55
bacteriocidal
kill the organism
56
if the antibiotic interferes with DNA replication it is likely ___
bacteriostatic
57
if the antibiotic causes lysis it is __
bacteriocidal
58
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
whether or not a strain is susceptible to antibiotics - minimum amount of antibiotic for inhibiting growth
59
minimum bactericidal concentration
minimum amount of antibiotic needed to kill a bacteria
60
pharmacokinetics
how the patient impacts the concentration of the antibiotic in the body
61
three stages antibiotic goes through when administered
absorption
distribution (concentrated different through body)
metabolism/excretion
62
how quickly antibiotic goes through each stage depends on many factors such as..
antibiotic is hydrophobic or hydrophilic
how large the antibiotic is
how it is administered
63
why is timing of antibiotics important
maintain MIC or MBC - body working to metabolize or eliminate antibiotics, after certain amount of time concentration drops below - this is window for resistance to develop
64
what happens if you take antibiotics on schedule
should stay above MIC/MBC
65
antibiotics can alter microbiome composition and allow for __
opportunistic pathogens to infect
66
other side effects of antibiotics
allergic reactions
side effects due to cellular toxicity
high doses - can cause seizures
67
when does resistance occur?
when bacteria mutate and acquire the ability the avoid being killed or inhibited by an antibiotic
68
bacteria with a resistant gene will quickly reproduce and..
become a predominating strain within a patient
69
how many people in the US are infected with resistant strain and how many people die
2 million people infected
23,000 die
70
14,000 that die are from strains of ..
C. difficile
71
superbug
when there is high morbidity and mortality due to a bacteria that has become resistant
72
resistance to pharmacotherapy can rise in..
cancer cells
parasites
fungi
other infections
73
bacteria with acquired resistance
TB
S. Aureus
Acinetobacter
E. coli
V. Cholera
74
Genes for B-lactamase enzymes (confer resistance to penicillin class)
widely distributed bacteria throughout the world
75
many strains are resistant to how many antibiotics?
7-8 and some can use antibiotics as source of energy
76
microscopic organisms battle each other by..
producing chemicals that limit growth of other organisms
77
a large portion of your microbiome is resistant to antibiotics that..
you've never been exposed to
78
structure of bacteria's genome
one circular, double stranded DNA
79
bacteria genome structure contains ..
most of the genes necessary for bacteria survival and replication
80
bacteria genome have multiple small pieces of circular DNA called plasmids that are..
outside of the main chromosome
81
resistance genes
result from random mutation of the bacterial genome - some provide protective benefit
82
plasmids are transferred from one bacteria to another through what methods
conjugation
transduction
transformation
83
conjugation
transfer through pilus connection
84
transduction
transfer through bacterial virus, phage
85
transformation
direct uptake of DNA from outside the cell
86
horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer
when a bacteria takes up DNA from another source
87
vertical gene transfer
gene is inherited directly from a "parent" bacteria during reproduction
88
HGT and repaid mutation working together it is
very difficult to control
89
resistance genes exist in bacteria with or without ..
selection (doesn't cost anything)
90
biological mechanisms of resistance
changing the shape of antibiotics target protein
developing the ability to metabolize antibiotic
ability to recognize and actively pump out antibiotic
intrinsic resistance
91
intrinsic resistance
no mutation necessary
bacteria overcomes the antibiotic by making more copies of the protein than antibiotic target
92
how much of therapeutic antibiotics are used for human use
less than half
93
why would a batch be dumped?
not up to standards
94
what percentage of patients with respiratory tract infections get antibiotics even when they're caused by viruses
40-50%
95
why use antibiotics in agriculture
thought they improved weight gain of animals
96
how does animal antibiotic use cause resistance
animals develop resistance, fecal matter can have resistance genes, fecal matter is spread as fertilizer
97
plans to mitigate problem of antibiotic resistance include
identifying resistant bacteria and developing new methods for identifying antibiotics or other antimicrobial therapies
98
what is one thing that is becoming a common practice for mitigating problem of antibiotic resistance
genotyping of strains in clinics to test for resistance
99
another common strategy to mitigate problem?
use combination of antibiotics so bacteria is not able to acquire resistance - used to TB
100
other researchers are finding ways to use bacteriophages (viruses that kill bacteria)
to attack the bacteria
101
other essential ways to mitigate and manage problem
develop policies around antibiotic prescriptions, development of new antibiotic,
use of antibiotic in agriculture,
raising global awareness
102
Tetracycline antibiotics
broad- spectrum antibacterial agents in four ring structure. They function by
disrupting bacterial protein synthesis.
- They are bacteriostatic – inhibit growth rather than kill the bacteria
- Tetracyclines enter bacterial cell and reversibly bind to ribosomal subunit
- Binding interferes with attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA
- Bacterial cell can’t synthesize proteins necessary for survival
103
What are the main antibiotics used in the DOTS treatment program for TB?
Isoniazid
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
104
Which ones seem to
have the most problem with resistance in the population?
Isoniazid
Rifampicin
105
describe favorite vaccine and how it works
Varicella vaccine is live-attenuated vaccine that protects against the varicella virus which causes chickenpox.
The vaccine works by introducing antigens from the virus into the body which triggers an immune response.
This response leads to the development of memory B cells that produce antibodies and memory T cells that
can kill the infected cells if exposed to the real virus in the future. The varicella vaccine is typically
administered through intramuscular injection.
