QUIZ 1

Question 1

4 things that can predispose or cause a disease

Answer 1

• presence of a gene
• traits that turn genes on/off
• gene - gene interactions
• gene - environment interactions

Question 2

DNA consists of…

Answer 2

A, C, G, T

Question 3

DNA in humans is..

Answer 3

double stranded

Question 4

Mutations on chromosome 14 change to

Answer 4

C-G or A-T

Question 5

Some minor alleles can..

Answer 5

increase disease risk - Ex: breast cancer

Question 6

Genetic variation only shows if it’s

Answer 6

Expressed
(transcribed to RNA/Protein)

Question 7

Changes that determine gene expression

Answer 7

Epigenetics

Question 8

Nucleosomes

Answer 8

Repeating units of chromatin - made of 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around Histone

Question 9

Histone

Answer 9

Positively charged proteins - structural scaffolds for DNA packaging: H2A, H2B, H3, H4

Question 10

Histone Acetyltransferase (HAT)

Answer 10

enzymes that add acetyl groups to histone proteins, loosen chromatin - allow gene expression
- reversible modification, balanced by HDAC > uncoiling and transcription

Question 11

Histone Deacetylase (HDAC)

Answer 11

enzymes that remove acetyl group from histone > condensed/ closed structure of chromatin and less transcription

Question 12

Euchromatin

Answer 12

less dense transcriptionally active DNA - open arms

Question 13

Heterochromatin

Answer 13

Densely packaged transcriptionally inactive DNA - hibernating > gene repression

Question 14

Methylation

Answer 14

Addition of methyl groups to DNA or Histone tails - often altering chromatin structure + reducing gene expression > occurs in cytosine rich sequences called CpG sites

Question 15

Gene silencing

Answer 15

HDAC and Methylation combine. Permanent method of down - regulating transcription of genes
- turn off gene so it can’t produce product - often through chromatin or RNA interference

Question 16

Genetic changes interact..

Answer 16

with each other

Question 17

Chronic Conditions - common complex diseases..

Answer 17

symptoms arise due to variety of factors - ex: Asthma

Question 18

Gene - Gene interaction

Answer 18

Epistasis
- effect of one gene influenced, modified, masked by other genes

Question 19

Gene - Environment interaction

Answer 19

genetic backgrounds differ in different environments - ex: air pollution can affect asthma

Question 20

Race is a social construct.. NOT

Answer 20

biological

Question 21

CRISPR

Answer 21

technology able to cut specific genes

Question 22

How does genomics have increasing role in public health?

Answer 22

disease prevention and health promotion

Question 23

why is a “tiered” system for genomic test and individual health important?

Answer 23

make sure it’s used when most important and necessary

Question 24

how genomics is creating change and improvement

Answer 24

familial hypercholesterolemia - “fix”it - prevent from passing down

Question 25

what would you study about genomics and why?

Answer 25

diabetes - underlying factor for many other things, something that feels like you could fix

Question 26

Tier 1 Evidence for Recommendation

Answer 26

Supported by a base of synthesized evidence for implementation in practice

Question 27

Tier 1 Examples

Answer 27

HBOC, Lynch syndrome, FH, Newborn screening

Question 28

Tier 2 Recommendation

Answer 28

Synthesized evidence is insufficient to support routine implementation in practice, may provide information for decision making

Question 29

Tier 2 Examples

Answer 29

Many pharmacogenomic tests

Question 30

Tier 3 Recommendation

Answer 30

Evidence based recommendation against use; or irrelevant synthesized evidence identified; not ready for routine implementation in practice

Question 31

Tier 3 Examples

Answer 31

Direct - to - Consumer personal genetic tests

Question 32

A,C,T and G are __ that make up DNA base pairs

Answer 32

nucleotides

Question 33

what a gene is transcribed into RNA/Protein, we refer to that gene as __

Answer 33

expression

Question 34

if a specific genetic polymorphism seems to only occur in indigenous people from west coast of Canada, this would be an example of __

Answer 34

minor allele

Question 35

nucleosomes consist of __

Answer 35

histones and chromatin

Question 36

epistles can occur through the interactions of __

Answer 36

- DNA from one gene and RNA from another gene - Proteins from one gene and proteins from another gene - RNA from one gene and proteins from another gene

Question 37

Technology derived from bacteria that is rapidly advancing genomic therapy research is called __

Answer 37

CRISPR

Question 38

The type of modification that results in gene silencing is

Answer 38

methylation

Question 39

the protein responsible for the DNA modification that results in heterochromatic unraveling from histones is called __

Answer 39

HAT

Question 40

describe single nucleotide polymorphisms and how they can influence disease risk

Answer 40

when they switch from A-TA to C-G but the rest stay the same. normally doesn't affect much but sometimes can be minor allele and can increase risk of disease

Question 41

why is tiered system important for genetic tests that provide patients information about their individual heath

Answer 41

so they know when to consider genetic testing compared to others and research, and when to not

Question 42

what is meant by common, complex disease - example of one

Answer 42

there are a lot of varying factors that contribute to the disease . Ex. diabetes

Question 43

what is an ethical issue you could see arise from CRISP and how it could be managed

Answer 43

cutting out genes could cause other issues in other genes. manage by having sufficient testing and making patient aware of the risks

Question 44

what ways is genetics likely to become more fully incorporated into the field of public health

Answer 44

disease prevention, especially in diseases such as FH where it is passed down and you could prevent it from going to next generation