Quiz 4 Flashcards
the data that you collect will depend on…
who is supplying it
what is an example of dependent data?
have you supported the arts in the past year?
- the involvement data collected will depend on the education level of the participants that were asked
what is a sample?
the group of people that you actually collect data from
where does a sample come from?
your study population
what is a population?
people who couldve been in your sample
- a general group of people who your study will represent
what is an example of a sample
your friends on campus
what is an example of a population?
Centre college students that you know
what population does our class represent?
psychology and BNS majors
what is the goal when choosing a sample?
a sample who is a good representative of the population
why is it important to have a sample that represents the population
it increases generalizability
(note that this can be very difficult)
why is it hard to get a sample that represents an entire population?
often we have to settle for who or what we have easy access to
aka convenience sample
a convenience sample for us specifically could be,
centre college students, however the issue with this is that there are 19M college students in the world and centre may not represent all of them well because it is in a rural area, it is much smaller than average
what are ways that you can sample a population?
- random sampling
- nonrandom sampling
what is random sampling?
(the best way to sample)
every person in the population has an equal chance to be chosen
(this is difficult for large populations where it is difficult to know everyone) ex. the centre college population
why is random sampling difficult?
you have to have a full list of every person in the population and their contact info
what is nonrandom sampling?
(the most common method) you use whoever is available and willing. ex.) psych 110 students
what is a potential issue with nonrandom sampling
often the participants are overwhelmingly WEIRD
Western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic
why is having overwhelmingly WEIRD participants a bad thing?
67% of study participants are WERID and only 12% of the world is WEIRD,, this limits generalizability
what does it mean to sell samples?
companies like amazon will sell you access to broader samples
- participants will log into the websites and answer surveys for money
why are sold samples biased?
many of the people have lower incomes
most of the participants are proficient tech users
participants can lie
what are the different research settings?
lab research
field research
what is lab research?
- participants are recruited
- the participants come to you
- the research environment is kept the same
what is field research?
- participants are found
- you go to the participants
- the research environment is changeable
all participation for studies must be…
voluntary
what is a potential problem with volunteers
volunteers tend to be different from the average person
what is volunteer bias?
- usually higher educated
- usually higher social class
- people who have a need for approval
- usually more social/arousal seeking people
- usually more agreeable people
- more willing to try new things and tolerate stress
when do we use deception?
when we have questions that require uninformed participants
usually participants are … about the study that theyre in
informed
why would we use deception?
reactivity,, sometimes participants behave unnaturally if they know what’s really happening
what is an example of where deception was used?
the brewer office memory study
what are some other examples of when deception would be appropriate to use?
looking at shopping behavior
child research
bystander apathy
what are the different types of deception?
active deception
passive deception
what is active deception?
-when you are misrepresenting the study on purpose
- adding pseudo subjects
- breaking a promise to the participant
- using placebos without knowledge
when you misrepresent the study on purpose you may
tell the participant you are studying one thing, when really you are studying another
“we are studying perception”
(we are actually studying conformity)
when you break a promise you may…
promise the participant a reward for completing the study but really you have no intent of following through (this keeps the participant motivated)
when you use pseudosubjects you may…
pretend that certain people are subjects, when in reality they are actors who are pretending to be subjects
when you use placebos you may…
tell people that a certain treatment will work when in reality they are not getting treatment at all
what is passive deception?
- you conceal observations
- use an unrecognized condition
when you conceal observations you may…
have researchers behind a mirror
or use hidden cameras or other recording devices
when you use an unrecognized condition you may…
not make the participant aware that there was another condition that they could possibly be in
what are some of the problems with using deception?
-skeptical participation
-negative attitudes
what is skeptical participation?
- when you have a lack of participant trust
- future involvement in research is reduced
- the reputations overspill effect
what are negative attitudes?
- could cause a loss of self esteem from the participant
- could cause feelings of being manipulated of shame
( if possible we want to limit people feeling terribly)
what is an example of an experiment that caused negative attitudes
milgram shock experiment
if you use deceptions you must
debrief
what is a debrief?
the participant is told the true nature of the study after the fact
what are the key components to a debriefing?
- must be done immediately
- must restore trust, and validate feelings and behavior
a debriefing should promote:
positive view of science
in a proper debriefing it is important to:
put honesty above all else
what are the 4 holmes debriefing steps?
- disclosure of the studies true purpose
- explanation of the deception used
- validate feelings of mistrust
- argue for the necessity of deception and the value of the research done
what is role playing?
can be used as an alternative to deception where participants act as though they are in a particular situation
why is role playing a good alternative to deception?
participants will usually still behave in a natural way that fits the situation
what is an example of a role playing study
Zimbardos Stanford Prison experiment
what is reactivity?
reacting to being in an experiment or being surveyed (people care that theyre being watched)
when people are reactive they may be
stressed (white coat effect)
motivated to avoid embarrassment
more agreeable with others
both participants and researchers can show
reactivity
what are different components of participant reactivity?
demand characteristics
role attitudes
what are demand characteristics?
cues that suggest to the participants what responses are expected
- participants end up trying to guess the hypothesis of the researcher in order to respond to it correctly
what are role attitudes?
- cooperative- acting to please the researcher
- negative- acting to ruin the experiment
what is an example of researcher reactivity?
experimenter bias
what is experimenter bias?
when the researchers expectations influence what is actually observed
(confirmation bias)
how can we avoid experimenter bias?
double blind research
what is double blind research
when neither the researcher nor the participant knows what’s being tested
