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Intro to Research Methods > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are some general considerations to take into account when choosing who to include in your study?

A

choosing accurate samples and populations

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2
Q

the date you collect will depend on…

A

who is supplying it

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3
Q

example of how samples effect data?

A

Q: in the last year, did you support the arts?
- the results you collect will depend on the education levels of the participants

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4
Q

what is a sample?

A

the people who you actually collect data from

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5
Q

what is a population?

A

people who could’ve been in your sample,, it is the general group of research that your research should represent

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6
Q

where does a sample come from?

A

your study population

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7
Q

what is an example of a sample v. a population

A

sample: your friends on campus
population: Centre college students that you know

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8
Q

what kind of population does our class represent?

A

psych and BNS majors

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9
Q

what is the goal when choosing a sample?

A

to find a sample that will represent a population well

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10
Q

a good sample should…

A
  • increase generalizability
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11
Q

why is increasing generalizability difficult?

A

often we are forced to settle for people that we have easy access to

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12
Q

what is a convenience sample?

A

a sample that is taken just because the researcher has easy access to it

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13
Q

what are the different ways that you can sample a population

A
  • random and nonrandom sampling
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14
Q

what is random sampling?

A
  • the best way to sample
  • every person in the population has an equal chance of being picked
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15
Q

what is a challenge to random sampling?

A

it can be difficult in large populations to have everyone’s contact number

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16
Q

what is nonrandom sampling?

A
  • the most common form of sampling
  • you use who you have access to
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17
Q

what is an example of a nonrandom sample here at centre

A

intro to psych students

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18
Q

what is a problem with nonrandom sampling

A

it limits generalizeability and you end up with WEIRD participants

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19
Q

what is a WEIRD participant

A

Westernized
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic

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20
Q

what percentage of the global population is WEIRD?
what percentage of research subjects are WEIRD?

A

12%
67%

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21
Q

what does it mean to sell samples?

A

companies will sell researchers access to broader samples
ex.) amazon will post a survey for a researcher on their website for people to go in to fill out for money, then they will report it back to the researcher

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22
Q

what is a problem with selling samples?

A

the results can be biased:
- participants may have a lower income as they are doing them for extra cash
- participants most likely have a higher understanding of technology
- participants can lie on these surveys

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23
Q

what are the two types of research setting?

A

field and lab

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24
Q

what is lab research?

A

when participants are RECRUITED (they come to you)
- the research environment stays the same

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25
Q

what is field research?

A

participants are FOUND (you go to them)
- the research environment changes

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26
Q

all participation in research must be…

A

voluntary

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27
Q

what are some biases that volunteers can have that make them different than then the average person?

A
  • more highly educated
  • higher social class
  • more need for approval
  • more social
  • more arousal seeking (need excitement)
  • more agreeable (go with the flow)
  • more willing to tolerate stress
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28
Q

what is the “white coat effect?”

A

when participants get stressed that they are being observed so they may act differently

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29
Q

what is deception?

A

when participants are not told all of the information about a study in order to answer certain questions or make certain observations more effective
- done to avoid reactivity

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30
Q

normally participants are …. in a study

A

fully informed

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31
Q

what is reactivity?

A

when participants act different than normal which effects the study
(people care that they are being watched)

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32
Q

what are some examples of some situations in which reactivity might play a role?

A

shopping behavior
child research
bystander apathy

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33
Q

what is an example of a study where deception was used?

A

Brewer office memory study

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34
Q

what are some problems that arise with deception?

A
  • creates skeptical participation
  • creates negative attitudes
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35
Q

what is skeptical participation?

A
  • lack of participant trust
  • reduces future involvement in research
  • causes the reputations overspill effect
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36
Q

what is the reputations overspill effect?

A

when deception causes a bad taste in a participants mouth, they tend to give all research a bad reputation even if they are not being deceptive

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37
Q

what are negative attitudes?

A
  • possible loss of self esteem
  • feelings about being manipulated
  • shame
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38
Q

what is an example of a study that used deception where negative attitudes were a large issue

A

milgram shock

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39
Q

what are the two types of deception

A

active and passive

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40
Q

what is active deception

A
  • misrepresenting the study on purpose
    ie) telling the participant that you are studying perception when actually you are studying conformity
  • using pseudosubjects
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41
Q

what is an example of a study that used active deception?

A

asch line experiment

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42
Q

what are some things that you cannot do when using deception?

A
  • you cannot break a promise to a participant
    you cannot tell someone you will pay them and then
    back out
  • you cannot use placebos without the participants knowledge
    you cannot tell someone that they are getting a
    treatment when they are not
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43
Q

what is passive deception?

A
  • concealing observations
  • using an unrecognized condition
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44
Q

what are some examples of concealing observations?

A
  • researchers observing from behind a mirror
  • the use of hidden cameras
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45
Q

what is an example of using an unrecognized condition>

A
  • the participant was in one condition but there is also another condition that they could’ve been in that they were not aware of
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46
Q

if you are to use deception, you must…

A

debrief the participant

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47
Q

what is a debriefing?

A

when the participant is told the true nature of the deceptive study after the fact
- they must happen immediately after
- they should restore trust with the researcher, and validate any feelings or behaviors the participant has or did

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48
Q

a debriefing should promote…

A

a positive view of science

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49
Q

what are the Holmes Debriefing Steps?

A
  1. disclosure of the studies true purpose
  2. explanation of the deception used
  3. validate feelings of mistrust
  4. argue for the necessity of the deception
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50
Q

what is an alternate to using deception? Why?

A

role playing
- participants can still behave in a natural way that fits the situation

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51
Q

what is role playing

A

when participants act as though they are in a particular situation but it is not a real situation

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52
Q

what is an example of an experiment where role playing was used?

A

zimbardos prison experiment

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53
Q

why do participants sometimes express reactivity?

A
  • they are stressed they are being watched (white coat effect)
  • they are motivated to avoid embarrassment
    -they want to be more agreeable with others
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54
Q

what are the two types of role attitudes?

A

cooperative and negative

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55
Q

what is a cooperative role attitude?

A

the participant wants to please the researcher

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56
Q

what is a negative role attitude?

A

participants try to ruin the experiement

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57
Q

who can show reactivity

A

participants and the researchers

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58
Q

what are demand characteristics

A

cues that are given to suggest to the participant what responses are expected of them
- participants try to guess the hypothesis and then respond to it

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59
Q

what is an example of researcher reactivity?

A

experimenter bias

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60
Q

what is experimenter bias

A

when the researchers expectations influence what is observed
- confirmation bias
- the researcher may expect women to eat smaller portions so they look for women who have plates with smaller portions

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61
Q

how do we solve the problem of experimenter bias?

A

double blind experiment

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62
Q

what is a double blind?

A

no one in the study knows what is being tested and what they are testing for

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63
Q

what are the two different types of data?

A

quantitative
qualitative

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64
Q

what is quantitative data?

A

numerical data
statistical tests

65
Q

what is qualitative data?

A

shows subtle differences
up for interpretation
ex.) body language

66
Q

think back to the prisoner throwing the ball experiment…. what is a qualitative decription for how active the prisoner is

A

the prisoner is performing low intensity physical activity

67
Q

what are the 6 common non experimental techniques?

A
  1. naturalistic observation
  2. ethnography
  3. sociometry
  4. archival research
  5. meta-analysis
  6. case - study
68
Q

what is naturalistic observation?

A

observing subjects in their natural environments without involvement from the researcher

69
Q

what is a benefit to naturalistic observation?

A

it avoids reactivity
- can be hidden
- you can make a pop. used to your presence
- you can make indirect observations

70
Q

what is ethnography?

A

observing subjects in their natural environment with involvement from the researcher
- the population knows that you are recording
- value of personal perspective
- different observational perspectives

71
Q

what is observation perspective?

A

can include a participant observer or a nonparticipant observer
participant: the researchers becomes a group member
nonparticipant: the researcher stays an outsider

72
Q

what was the schouten 1995 study?

A

studies consumer behavior and identity,, harley davidson motorcycle culture
- the researchers became motorcyclists in order to understand bikers and their loyalties

73
Q

what does the method section of a paper include in a an ethnography study with a participant observer?

A

the researchers involvement

74
Q

what are the steps a participant observer must take?

A

1.access the field
- find a safe and joinable group
2. gain entry into a group
- become knowledgeable in the culture
3. become invisible as a researcher
- relationships, participate in traditions
4. observe, record, and analyze data
- keep careful record, find trends

75
Q

what is sociometry?

A

identifying relationships within a social structure

76
Q

how do we map relationships within a social structure?

A

using sociograms

77
Q

what are the parts to a sociogram?

A
  • entities (circles)
  • interaction (lines)
  • centrality (key figures)
  • density (% of entity interactions)
78
Q

what is case study research?

A

a descriptive and unique study of a single individual

79
Q

what are different things that a case study may look at

A
  • rare diseases
  • extraordinary ability
  • unique experience
80
Q

what was an example of a case study involving an extraordinary disease?

A

Krickitt Carpenter who got into a car accident and was diagnosed with amnesia

81
Q

what is an example of a case study involving an extraordinary ability

A

scott flansburg and his mental math

82
Q

what is a case study involving unique experiences?

A

holocaust survivors

83
Q

what is archival research?

A

answering a question by studying existing records

84
Q

what are examples of things that would be studied in archival research?

A
  • historical accounts
  • court records
    -police reports
    -medical records
  • social media data
85
Q

what is an example of a historical perspective? What is a way that we can research this?

A

How did people react to Avicii’s death? We can go back and look at old tweets

86
Q

what effect has the internet age had on archival history?

A

the internet age has made archival history very accessible

87
Q

what is the wayback machine?

A

a website that takes snapshots of historical data all across the web

88
Q

what is metaanalysis?

A

using statistics to combine and compare the data from separate studies

89
Q

what is an examples of a meaanalysis that we talked about in class?

A

Griswold alcohol analysis
- asked if alc could be beneficial to your health? Searched all available studies and put together a statistical analysis of their results
Robins College outcome study:
- asked what factors determine whether someone will do well in college
- asks what variables are associated with GPA and retention

90
Q

what are the steps to metaanalysis?

A
  1. Locate relevant research
    2.indentify comparable variables
    - common variables between studies
  2. conduct statistical analysis to observe patterns across all studies
91
Q

what types of studies need to be used in metaanalysis?

A

studies witih quantitative data

92
Q

how could we operationally define grit?

A
  • years of participation in an activity
  • number of rebounded failures
  • time taken until giving up
93
Q

what happens a lot of times to methods?

A

they change

94
Q

a good measure needs to be…

A

reliable and valid

95
Q

what is reliability?

A

the ability of the measure to produce a similar result under similar conditions

96
Q

what is validity?

A

your study measures what it is supposed to measure

97
Q

what is an example of a theory that turned out to not be valid?

A

phrenology,, was once thought to measure intelligence

98
Q

how do we measure variables?

A
  1. tradition
  2. new techniques
  3. available equiptment
99
Q

what does it mean to measure something through tradition?

A

measures the variable the way that other studies have done before

100
Q

what is an example of traditional measure

A

angela duckworths grit survey

101
Q

what does it mean to measure something through new techniques

A

applies new methods that were generated in other research fields to new research fields

102
Q

what is an example of measure through new techniques?

A

apply fmri’s from neuroscience to look at the brains of people with high and low grit

103
Q

what does it mean to measure a variable through available equipment?

A

choose your operational definition based on whta you have access to

104
Q

what is an example of measure through available equipment?

A

using steady handgrip to measure self control

105
Q

does grit predict educational success?

A

education and grit are correlated, but grit does not only apply to education
- this take is not reliable

106
Q

reliability and validity scale:

A
  1. reliable and valid:
    150, 150, 150
  2. reliable and not valid
    140, 140, 140
  3. not reliable and not valid
    151, 155, 160 (avg. 150)
  4. not reliable and not valid
    115, 350,240
107
Q

what are the three different categories of measures?

A

-behavioral: observable
- self -report: subjective
- physiological: objective

108
Q

what are behavioral measures?

A

recording observed behavior

109
Q

what are the two types of observed behaviors

A

-frequency behavior
-latency behavior

110
Q

what is frequency behavior?

A

-count data
- how many times a person does something

111
Q

what is latency behavior

A
  • time data
  • how long did it take someone to do a certain behavior
112
Q

is it better to watch recordings or in person?

A

depends

113
Q

what are self report measures?

A

collecting subjective survey responses

114
Q

what are some examples of self report measures?

A

rating scales
Q sorting

115
Q

what is q sorting?

A

asking a participant to sort something based on a question

116
Q

what are the divisions of self report?

A

retrospective surveys
prospective surveys
state report
trait report
self-report
informant report

117
Q

what is retrospective survey

A

past tense survery
- what did you do

118
Q

what is a prospective survey>

A

furture tense
-what will you do?

119
Q

what is a state report survery?

A

immediate behavior
- how hungry are you right now?

120
Q

what is a trait report

A

on average
- on average how hungry are you

121
Q

what do marketing psychologists study?

A

-audience
-perceptions
-attention
- memory

122
Q

what is a self report survey?

A

answer for yourself
- when shopping how likely are you to make an impulse purchase

123
Q

what is informant report:

A

answer for someone else
- when shopping how likely is someone else to purchase x

124
Q

what are physiological measures?

A

you record physiological data

125
Q

what are types of physiological measures can you record

A

autonomic response
event processing

126
Q

what is an example of an autonomic response

A

ex.) heart rate or sweating during a vehicle test drive

127
Q

what is an example of event processing

A

-eye movements
-brain activity

128
Q

what are the challenges to measuring variables?

A

-floor effects
-ceiling effects
-timing

129
Q

what is the floor effect?

A

all values you get are very low, no one does what you observe

130
Q

what is a ceiling effect?

A

all values are very high, everyone does what you observe

131
Q

what are some issues with timing?

A

when and for how long you do your study can have impacts on the data that you collect

132
Q

what i a way to combat the issue of timing?

A

keep good notes that can explain a 3rd variable

133
Q

what are some issues with behavioral measures?

A

-some behaviors are hard to see

134
Q

what are some issues with self report measures

A

-people lie
-poorly worded/biased questions

135
Q

what are some issues with physiologicla measures?

A

-can be invasive
-can intrude on normal behavior
-requires special equiptment

136
Q

how can you avoid some issues with measurements?

A

pilot testing?

137
Q

what is pilot testing?

A

naïve participants experience your study without collecting data
they read it and look for points of confusion

138
Q

what did the world medical institution establish in 196?

A

all research institutions should have a “review board” to dertermine research methids

139
Q

what was research like before 1950?

A

you could do whatever you want, with the exception of like murder and normal laws

140
Q

what is research like today?

A
  1. people recieve training in research ethics
  2. you apply for research projetc approval
141
Q

what is research ethics training?

A

teaching the laws and rules that apply to your research without being a lawyer

142
Q

what is CITI training and certification?

A

collaborative institutional training initiative (university of Miami)
series of online courses that give you a background in research regulations

143
Q

what is an IRB and what does it do?

A

institutional review board
-ensure research adhere to ethical guidelines
-local authority that approves research based on risk to the participants

144
Q

once you get CITI certified you can

A

start planning your research project for IRB approval

145
Q

and IRB is a part of every organization that

A

recieves federal funding
- performs research with people or animals
- uses reseach beyond observation

146
Q

members of the IRB are

A

-local to the institution and have no connection to the project that is being reviewed, and they cannot stand to profit

147
Q

when proposing research to the IRB yo ugive them

A

participant centered information

148
Q

what is participant centered information?

A

who is your sample/population
how will you contact participants?
what do you plan to do with their data
what are the possible risks to participants

149
Q

what is a risk to benefit ratio

A

researchers weight the potential risks and benefits that come with a study to deem if one outweighs the other

150
Q

what is risk

A

negative consequences of participation
low risk (the participant might feel uncomfortable
high risk (the participant might go blind)

151
Q

what is benefit

A

positive outcome from participation
low (you reciee 5$)
high (your phobia is sucessfully cured)

152
Q

the risk to benefit ration depends on

A

time, situation, culture

153
Q

what are he categories of risk

A

exempt research
expedited research
full review research

154
Q

what is exempt research?

A

(psych 205)
-no abnormal risk in the study
-collection of anonymous or publicly available data
- naturalistic observation

155
Q

what is expedited research?

A

(psych 210)
- minimal risk to the subject
- collection of physiological or biological data
- use of any pictures video or audio resources

156
Q

what is full review research?

A

-more than minimal risk to himan subjects

157
Q

the risk category is established by

A

a quiz

158
Q

to pass as exempt a study needs to score a

A

5/5

159
Q

what are the questions asked in the risk category quiz?

A
  1. is there use of special populations
  2. is their use of deception
  3. is their risk of participant information privacy
  4. is there potentially stigmatizing data
  5. are there potential log term effects for the participants

Intro to Research Methods (9 decks)

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