quiz 4 - chapter 4a

Question 1

research process overview

Answer 1

research question, research design, findings/answers, share/publish findings

Question 2

nonexperimental research is used

Answer 2

to answer “what”, “who”, or “how much” questions; there is no manipulation of variables, just measurements and assessments

Question 3

experimental research is used

Answer 3

to answer “why” questions; there is manipulation of at least one variable

Question 4

true experiment

Answer 4

designs in which the researcher manipulates all of the independent variables and randomly assigns participants to groups

Question 5

quasi-independent variables

Answer 5

variables treated as if they are independent variables in the experimental design even though the researchers do not manipulate them (ex: gender)

Question 6

quasi-experimental design

Answer 6

designs in which the researcher cannot manipulate the independent variable or use random assignment

Question 7

two ways of measuring variables

Answer 7

self report and behavioral

Question 8

self report

Answer 8

any measurement technique that directly asks the participant how they think or feel
benefit: chepa, easy to administer, first hand info
drawbacks: may not have enough self knowledge, self enhancement, self-deception, blind spots, social desirability, etc.

Question 9

social desirability

Answer 9

the tendency for respondents to give answers that make them look good

Question 10

demand characteristic

Answer 10

a cue that potentially makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects

Question 11

retrospective bias

Answer 11

when participants view or interpret past events in an inaccurate way

Question 12

behavioral measure

Answer 12

a measure of participant’s actions in a research design
benefits: may help identify potential bias in self reports, more accessible to nonscientists
drawbacks: time consuming, expensive, cumbersome to use

Question 13

behavioral trace

Answer 13

a behavioral measure that relies on evidence left behind by a participant who is no longer present
benefits: does not require participant cooperation
drawbacks: relies on researcher inferences

Question 14

behavioral observation

Answer 14

a behavioral measure that relies on directly seeing or observing behavior
benefit: see behavior in its entirety as its engaged
drawback: social desirability & demand characteristics may be at play, also requires inference

Question 15

behavioral choice

Answer 15

a behavioral measure involving participants making a purposeful selection from several options

Question 16

participant reactivity

Answer 16

participants act differently or unnaturally because they know someone is watching them

Question 17

unobtrusive measures

Answer 17

strategies that allow for observation and assessment without a participant’s awareness

Question 18

raw score

Answer 18

the actual score, comprised of true score and error

Question 19

true score

Answer 19

what the score would be if the test were a perfect measure of the attribute being tested and were uninfluenced by any extraneous factors

Question 20

error

Answer 20

extraneous influences that cause the raw score to deviate from the true score

Question 21

random error

Answer 21

variation from the measure’s true score due to unsystematic or chance factors; its unpredictability means that it cannot be eliminated

Question 22

bias/systematic error

Answer 22

error that consistently pushes scores in a given direction

Question 23

standardization

Answer 23

keeping the experimental situation the same for everyone and as free from variation as possible

Question 24

observer/scorer bias

Answer 24

misinterpreting an observation based on the researcher’s existing beliefs, previous experiences, or expectations

Question 25

sensitivity

Answer 25

the range of data a researcher can gather from a particular instrument

Question 26

ceiling effect

Answer 26

occurs when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set too low, leading most to select the highest response

Question 27

floor effect

Answer 27

occurs when the lower boundary of a measurement tool is set too high, leading most to select the lowest response

Question 28

ways to assess quality of the research design and data

Answer 28

reliability and validity

Question 29

reliability

Answer 29

the stability or consistency of a measure in research, depends on whether it minimizes error and routinely provides similar/consistent measurement

Question 30

validity

Answer 30

the degree to which a tool measures what it claims to measure

Question 31

best research designs are high in

Answer 31

reliability and validity

Question 32

validity and reliability are

Answer 32

related but might not perfectly coincide