quiz 2 - chapter 2 Flashcards
scientific method
a systematic approach for answering questions that helps the questioner have more confidence in the knowledge discovered; no one single method
interesting research questions can come from _________ as long as you are _______, ________, and _________; they are ________ in nature
anywhere; curious; observant; skeptical; empirical
empirical
an approach in which the experimenter uses direct and indirect observations or experiences to test the research question
peer review
the process by which other scientific experts in the field review and evaluate the quality of research before it is reported in a publication
research report (research article)
descriptions of an empirical research study, including how the data were collected, analyzed, and interpreted
systematic review
a review of the literature that synthesizes the research evidence on a topic
meta-analysis
a statistical analysis that compares and combines the results of individual, but similar, studies
hypothesis
an educated prediction that provides a testable explanation of a phenomenon
scientific law
a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the world; describe repeated observations
scientific theory
a well substantiated explanation of some aspects of the natural world confirmed through repeated observations and experimentation; attempt to explain underlying reasons for phenomena
introspection
self observation; can be helpful in forming questions
find the exception rule
existing research might examine one type on outcome, so it may be more interesting to find/research the exceptions
a matter of degree
there is grat area in terms of how one factor influences another; think about variables in terms of amounts
change the directionality
not a set direction of how one thing influences another; thinking from both directions
good hypotheses have/are
high correspondence with reality, simple and direct, specficity
occam’s razor
refers to the cutting away of the unnecessary
barnum effect
the tendency of people to believe that general descriptions of their personality are highly accurate and tailored specifically to them
variables
elements that we expect to change or vary, or that can have several different values
constant
a factor that does not change and remains consistent
conceptual definition
defining a variable in theoretical terms