quiz 2 - chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

scientific method

A

a systematic approach for answering questions that helps the questioner have more confidence in the knowledge discovered; no one single method

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2
Q

interesting research questions can come from _________ as long as you are _______, ________, and _________; they are ________ in nature

A

anywhere; curious; observant; skeptical; empirical

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3
Q

empirical

A

an approach in which the experimenter uses direct and indirect observations or experiences to test the research question

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4
Q

peer review

A

the process by which other scientific experts in the field review and evaluate the quality of research before it is reported in a publication

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5
Q

research report (research article)

A

descriptions of an empirical research study, including how the data were collected, analyzed, and interpreted

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6
Q

systematic review

A

a review of the literature that synthesizes the research evidence on a topic

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7
Q

meta-analysis

A

a statistical analysis that compares and combines the results of individual, but similar, studies

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8
Q

hypothesis

A

an educated prediction that provides a testable explanation of a phenomenon

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9
Q

scientific law

A

a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the world; describe repeated observations

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10
Q

scientific theory

A

a well substantiated explanation of some aspects of the natural world confirmed through repeated observations and experimentation; attempt to explain underlying reasons for phenomena

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11
Q

introspection

A

self observation; can be helpful in forming questions

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12
Q

find the exception rule

A

existing research might examine one type on outcome, so it may be more interesting to find/research the exceptions

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13
Q

a matter of degree

A

there is grat area in terms of how one factor influences another; think about variables in terms of amounts

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14
Q

change the directionality

A

not a set direction of how one thing influences another; thinking from both directions

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15
Q

good hypotheses have/are

A

high correspondence with reality, simple and direct, specficity

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16
Q

occam’s razor

A

refers to the cutting away of the unnecessary

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17
Q

barnum effect

A

the tendency of people to believe that general descriptions of their personality are highly accurate and tailored specifically to them

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18
Q

variables

A

elements that we expect to change or vary, or that can have several different values

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19
Q

constant

A

a factor that does not change and remains consistent

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20
Q

conceptual definition

A

defining a variable in theoretical terms

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21
Q

operational definition

A

determining how we will use variables in our study

22
Q

experimental design

A

a research method in which the experimenter controls and manipulates the independent variable, allowing the establishment of a cause-and-effect relationship between the IV and DV; used when you want to find out “why”

23
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that influences the dependent variable. in experiments the researcher manipulates or controls this variable. in nonexperimental designs, it is the explanatory or predictor variable and is not manipulated by researcher

24
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable measured in association with changes in the independent variable; the outcome or effect. in nonexperimental studies, it is referred to as the criterion or response variable

25
Q

non experimental design / correlational design

A

a design in which there is no control or manipulation of the IV; the cause and effect relationships between variables cannot be established. refers to the IV as explanatory or predictor variable and DV as the criterion or response variable; used when you want to know “what”

26
Q

explanatory/predictor variable

A

a potential causal variable in a nonexperimental design

27
Q

criterion/response variable

A

the outcome variable in nonexperimental design

28
Q

in non experimental design, method choice stems from

A

type of info you want to obtain

29
Q

in experimental design, method choice stems from

A

of IVs, # of levels, frequency of data collection, length of study

30
Q

levels

A

different variations of the IV determined by the researcher

31
Q

between-subjects design

A

a data collection method in which each participant or subject is assessed on the DV only once

32
Q

within-subjects deisgn

A

a data collection method in which each participant/subject is assessed on the DV more than once

33
Q

longitudinal design

A

the collection of data of participants over a set period of time

34
Q

programmatic research

A

a systematic and planned sequence of related studies where subsequent studies build directly on a previous study’s findings to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon

35
Q

research protocol

A

a detailed series of steps that describes the order in which to administer the study and provides a script of what the researcher should say and do

36
Q

script

A

a written set of instructions that the researchers reads to the participant while collecting data; ensures same thing is said

37
Q

informed consent

A

a part of standard ethical procedures at the beginning of a research study in which the participant learns about the expectations of the study, is told the risks/benefits, and then freely makes the choice about whether they want to be in the study

38
Q

debriefing

A

a part of standard ethical procedures at the end of the research study; contains an explanation of the purpose of the study & disclosure of deception and give participants a chance to ask questions

39
Q

data

A

distinct pieces of information

40
Q

research poster

A

a formal visual research presentation

41
Q

paper presentation

A

a formal oral research presentation explaining key features of a study and the results

42
Q

APA style

A

a guide for writing a research report, addressing both content and formatting, that was established by the american psychological association and that psychology and many other social sciences use

43
Q

title page

A

first page of APA style research report that identifies title of the work, the authors, and institutional affiliations

44
Q

abstract

A

a short (12o to 250 word) summary of an entire research report that addresses the research topic methodology used, findings, and conclusions

45
Q

introduction

A

the portion of an APA style research report that provides background literature on topic and justification of importance for work & hypotheses

46
Q

method

A

portion in which researcher provides details about the sample, materials, and procedures of collecting data

47
Q

results

A

portion that provides information about how the hypotheses were tested, explaining with statistical language, narrative, and reference to tables/graphs

48
Q

discussion

A

portion where researcher interprets, explains, and applies results of study

49
Q

reference page

A

part where author provides identifying information about cited materials

50
Q
A