quiz 2 - chapter 2

Question 1

scientific method

Answer 1

a systematic approach for answering questions that helps the questioner have more confidence in the knowledge discovered; no one single method

Question 2

interesting research questions can come from _________ as long as you are _______, ________, and _________; they are ________ in nature

Answer 2

anywhere; curious; observant; skeptical; empirical

Question 3

empirical

Answer 3

an approach in which the experimenter uses direct and indirect observations or experiences to test the research question

Question 4

peer review

Answer 4

the process by which other scientific experts in the field review and evaluate the quality of research before it is reported in a publication

Question 5

research report (research article)

Answer 5

descriptions of an empirical research study, including how the data were collected, analyzed, and interpreted

Question 6

systematic review

Answer 6

a review of the literature that synthesizes the research evidence on a topic

Question 7

meta-analysis

Answer 7

a statistical analysis that compares and combines the results of individual, but similar, studies

Question 8

hypothesis

Answer 8

an educated prediction that provides a testable explanation of a phenomenon

Question 9

scientific law

Answer 9

a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the world; describe repeated observations

Question 10

scientific theory

Answer 10

a well substantiated explanation of some aspects of the natural world confirmed through repeated observations and experimentation; attempt to explain underlying reasons for phenomena

Question 11

introspection

Answer 11

self observation; can be helpful in forming questions

Question 12

find the exception rule

Answer 12

existing research might examine one type on outcome, so it may be more interesting to find/research the exceptions

Question 13

a matter of degree

Answer 13

there is grat area in terms of how one factor influences another; think about variables in terms of amounts

Question 14

change the directionality

Answer 14

not a set direction of how one thing influences another; thinking from both directions

Question 15

good hypotheses have/are

Answer 15

high correspondence with reality, simple and direct, specficity

Question 16

occam’s razor

Answer 16

refers to the cutting away of the unnecessary

Question 17

barnum effect

Answer 17

the tendency of people to believe that general descriptions of their personality are highly accurate and tailored specifically to them

Question 18

variables

Answer 18

elements that we expect to change or vary, or that can have several different values

Question 19

constant

Answer 19

a factor that does not change and remains consistent

Question 20

conceptual definition

Answer 20

defining a variable in theoretical terms

Question 21

operational definition

Answer 21

determining how we will use variables in our study

Question 22

experimental design

Answer 22

a research method in which the experimenter controls and manipulates the independent variable, allowing the establishment of a cause-and-effect relationship between the IV and DV; used when you want to find out “why”

Question 23

independent variable

Answer 23

the variable that influences the dependent variable. in experiments the researcher manipulates or controls this variable. in nonexperimental designs, it is the explanatory or predictor variable and is not manipulated by researcher

Question 24

dependent variable

Answer 24

the variable measured in association with changes in the independent variable; the outcome or effect. in nonexperimental studies, it is referred to as the criterion or response variable

Question 25

non experimental design / correlational design

Answer 25

a design in which there is no control or manipulation of the IV; the cause and effect relationships between variables cannot be established. refers to the IV as explanatory or predictor variable and DV as the criterion or response variable; used when you want to know "what"

Question 26

explanatory/predictor variable

Answer 26

a potential causal variable in a nonexperimental design

Question 27

criterion/response variable

Answer 27

the outcome variable in nonexperimental design

Question 28

in non experimental design, method choice stems from

Answer 28

type of info you want to obtain

Question 29

in experimental design, method choice stems from

Answer 29

of IVs, # of levels, frequency of data collection, length of study

Question 30

levels

Answer 30

different variations of the IV determined by the researcher

Question 31

between-subjects design

Answer 31

a data collection method in which each participant or subject is assessed on the DV only once

Question 32

within-subjects deisgn

Answer 32

a data collection method in which each participant/subject is assessed on the DV more than once

Question 33

longitudinal design

Answer 33

the collection of data of participants over a set period of time

Question 34

programmatic research

Answer 34

a systematic and planned sequence of related studies where subsequent studies build directly on a previous study's findings to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon

Question 35

research protocol

Answer 35

a detailed series of steps that describes the order in which to administer the study and provides a script of what the researcher should say and do

Question 36

script

Answer 36

a written set of instructions that the researchers reads to the participant while collecting data; ensures same thing is said

Question 37

informed consent

Answer 37

a part of standard ethical procedures at the beginning of a research study in which the participant learns about the expectations of the study, is told the risks/benefits, and then freely makes the choice about whether they want to be in the study

Question 38

debriefing

Answer 38

a part of standard ethical procedures at the end of the research study; contains an explanation of the purpose of the study & disclosure of deception and give participants a chance to ask questions

Question 39

data

Answer 39

distinct pieces of information

Question 40

research poster

Answer 40

a formal visual research presentation

Question 41

paper presentation

Answer 41

a formal oral research presentation explaining key features of a study and the results

Question 42

APA style

Answer 42

a guide for writing a research report, addressing both content and formatting, that was established by the american psychological association and that psychology and many other social sciences use

Question 43

title page

Answer 43

first page of APA style research report that identifies title of the work, the authors, and institutional affiliations

Question 44

abstract

Answer 44

a short (12o to 250 word) summary of an entire research report that addresses the research topic methodology used, findings, and conclusions

Question 45

introduction

Answer 45

the portion of an APA style research report that provides background literature on topic and justification of importance for work & hypotheses

Question 46

method

Answer 46

portion in which researcher provides details about the sample, materials, and procedures of collecting data

Question 47

results

Answer 47

portion that provides information about how the hypotheses were tested, explaining with statistical language, narrative, and reference to tables/graphs

Question 48

discussion

Answer 48

portion where researcher interprets, explains, and applies results of study

Question 49

reference page

Answer 49

part where author provides identifying information about cited materials