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psych research methods 1 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

unit 1

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1
Q

the scientific method

what is the scientific method

definition

A

a systematic approach fro answering questions that helps the questioner have more confidence in the knowledge discovered; no one single method

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2
Q

the scientific method

steps of the scientific method

A

make an observation, form a research question, construct a hypothesis, chose a study design, collect data, analyze data, communicate results

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3
Q

the scientific method

why is the scientific method used

A

used to answer research questions and investigate questions of interest

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4
Q

peer review method

peer review

definition

A

the process by which other scientific experts in the field review and evaluate the quality of research before it is reported in a publication

a way experts fact checking info from other experts

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5
Q

peer review method

how to find peer reviewed journals

A

specified and specialized search engines (databases) usually have a filter; through MU library

library assignment

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6
Q

scientific theory

A

a well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natuarl world confirmed through repeated observations and experimentations

explains why something happens; EXPLANATION

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7
Q

scientific law

A

a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the world

statement that describes; says what happened

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8
Q

hypothesis

A

an educated prediction that provides a testable explanation of a phenomenon

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9
Q

laws vs theory

scientific law vs scientific theory

A

scientific law describes what nature does under certain conditions, theory explains why or how it does it; theory is used more in research; both are based on repeated observations

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10
Q

write a hypothesis

steps of writing a hypothesis

A
  1. formulate research question
  2. identify conceptual definitions for variable
  3. identify the direction of the hypothesis
  4. operationalize each variable and participants of interest
  5. state the final hypohteiss as a statement (NOT A QUESTION)
  6. identify the independent and dependent variables

hypothesis is an if/than statement

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11
Q

write a hypothesis

conceptual definitions

A

defining a variable in theoretical terms; defining what you mean in your hypothesis; typically big ideas that need to be narrowed down to study

broader definition, scope of the variable

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12
Q

write a hypothesis

operational definition

A

determining how we will use the variables in the study; how will you measure the conceptual definition

measurement of variable

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13
Q

write a hypothesis

independent variable

A

the variable that influences the dependent variable; in experiments, the research manipulates or controls this variable; in nonexperimental studies, it is the explanatory or predictor variable and is not manipulated by the research

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14
Q

write a hypothesis

dependent variable

A

the variable measured in association with changes in the independent variable; the outcome or effect. in nonexperimental studies, it is referred to as the criterion or response variable

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15
Q

different kinds of study methods

experimental method

A

a research method in which the experimenter controls and manipulates the independent variable, allowing the establishment of a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables

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16
Q

different kinds of study methods

nonexperimental method

correlational design

A

a design in which there is no control or manipulation of the independent variable; teh cause and effect relationships between variables cannot be established; refers to the IV as the explanatory or predictor variable and the DV as the criterion or response variable

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17
Q

program evaluations

program evaluation

A

using the scientific method to assess whether an organized activity is acheiving its intended objectives; start with a goal in mind then evaluate the extent to which the goals are achieved

similar to a progress check

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18
Q

program evaluations

program evaluation vs. other types of research methods

A

program evaluations check to see if what is already being done is working; other methods of research tend to establish relationships and discovering if one thing effects another while this looks to see if what is done is working

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19
Q

program evaluations

phases of a program evaluation

A
  • planning phase: identify key stakeholders, describe the program, clarify the evaluation’s goal, create an education plan
  • execution phase: gather the data and analyze it
  • communication of results: form conclusions, make recommendations, report the results
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20
Q

program evaluations

three types of program evaluations

A

needs evaluation, process evaluation, outcomes evaluation

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21
Q

program evaluations

needs evaluation

A

an assessment of which features of a program are most valuable and who they benefit the most

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22
Q

program evaluations

process evaluation

A

an assessment of a general program operation, including whom the program serves and how the program delivers services to that population

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23
Q

program evaluations

outcomes evaluation

A

an assessment of whether a program effectively produces outcomes that are consistent with stated objectives or goals

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24
Q

outlier

A

a case or instance that is distinct from the majority of other cases; an oddball

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25
Q

pseudoscience

A

claims or beliefs that are misrepresented as being derived from the use of the scientific method

26
Q

biases

overconfidence phenomenon

A

the tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of our own judgments
example: i do not need to study because i am smart; failing the test because you did not study

27
Q

biases

availability heuristic

A

mental shortcut strategy for judging the likelihood of an event or situation to occur based on how easily we can think of similar or relevant instances
example: thinking you will be a victim of crime because you saw a news story of a crime committed in your area
example: thinking you will be in a plane crash because you watched a show in which the cahracters got into a plane crash

28
Q

biases

representative heuristic

A

mental shortcut strategy for determining the likelihood of an event by how much it resembles what we consider to be a typical example of that event
example: seeing someone with glasses, hair pinned, and holding books and thinking they are a librarian but they are really a rockstar

29
Q

biases

truthiness

A

stephen colbert’s term to represent the occasional tendency to accept an explanation/phenomenon simply because its a gut feeling

30
Q

biases

better-than-average effect

A

tendency to overestimate our skills, abilities, and performance when comparing ourselves to others
example: thinking you are a better driver then most people but in reality you are just an average driver

31
Q

biases

hindsight biases

A

a sense that we “knew it all along” after we learn the actual outcome
example: you get an answer wrong on a test and say that you should’ve put letter A becuase you knew it was letter A, even though you did not because you wrote down letter C
example: after a breakup, a person saying that they knew the relationship would never work out or never last

32
Q

data and research

non empirical research

A

gaining knowledge with the use of nonsystematic methods such as the examination of personal experiences and opinions

PERSONAL OPINIONS

32
Q

data and research

empirical research

A

gaining knowledge with the use of systematic observation, experience, or measurement; an approach in which the experimenter uses direct and indirect observations or experiences to test the research questions

33
Q

data and research

replication

A

recreating another person’s study to see if the findings are the same

34
Q

IRB and IACUC

institutional review board (IRB)

A

a board that reviews the ethical merit of all the human research conducted at an institution; mission of IRB is to provide ethical oversight of projects

35
Q

IRB and IACUC

process of IRB

A

researchers submit a proposal to the IRB that explains the studies, has benefits/risks laid out, contains consent forms, has debreif scripts, confidentiality plans, etc.; the IRB then classifies the study based on level of potential risk and particiapnts involved; it is then reviewed and either approved or denied

36
Q

IRB and IACUC

different kinds of IRB approval

A
  • exempt classification: poses less than minimal risk and includes a nonvulnerable population
  • expedited classification: research poses minimal risk typically encountered in everyday life; includes a nonvulnerable population
  • full review classification: poses greater-than-minimal risk typically encountered in everyday life, OR includes a vulnerable population
37
Q

IRB and IACUC

institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)

A

a board that reviews the ethical merit and research procedures for all animal research conducted within an institution and ensures research animals ahve proper living conditions

38
Q

ethics

what are the 5 ethical principles

A

beneficence and nonmaleficince, justice, respect for persons, fidelity and responsiblity, integrity

39
Q

ethics

beneficence and nonmaleficence

A
  • beneficence: actively promoting the welfare of toehrs; an ethical obligation to maximize benefit in research studies
  • nonmaleficence: do no harm; ethical obligation to mitigate or eliminate risks to study participants
  • confidentiality: researcher knowing the identity of subjects, but keeping the information protected
  • anonymity: guarantee that individual responses cannot be linked back to individual participants
  • cost-benefit analysis: a systematic process in which a researcher weighs all the potential and known benefits against all the potential and know risks before conducting a study
40
Q

ethics

justice

A
  • fairness in selecting study participants and in determining which particiapnts receive the benefits of participation and which bear the burden of risk
  • random assignment
  • avoid targeting vulnerable individuals and use safeguards to ensure these groups are not exploited
41
Q

ethics

respect for persons

A
  • participation must be voluntary; participants must knowingly and willing participate
  • autonomy: freely making an informed decision about participation in research
  • obtained informed consent
  • assent: active affirmation of a desire to participate from a person who does not have the ability to consent themselves; consent also is sought from guardian
42
Q

ethics

fidelity and responsibility

A

remind researchers that they must never engage in behaviors that violate the trust others have in scientifc process

43
Q

ethics

integrity

A
  • highlights scientists’ ethical responsibility to be forthright and honest
  • scientific integrity: a commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in science
44
Q

ethics

history of the ethical principles

A
  • nuremberg code: ethical principles created in 1947 in response to the horrible atrocities and human experimentation committed by the Nazis under the guise of research
  • belmont report: 1979 program that expanded upon these ethical standards for research and outlined 3 of the 5 ethical principles (beneficence, justice, and respect for persons)
45
Q

ethics

confidentiality vs. anonymity

A
  • confidentiality: refers to the researcher knowing the identity of the subject but taking steps to make sure the identity is protected from others
  • anonymity: when the identity of the individual is not know to the researchers and responses cannot be traced back to the participants
46
Q

ethics

physical harm

A

physical toll that study particiapnts may havel potential risks to participants

47
Q

ethics

psychological harm

A

a psychological toll that study participation may have, such as stress, negative emotions, or loss of self-esteem; a potential risk to particpants (must be dispelled before participant leave – short term effects)

48
Q

ethics

consent vs. assent

A
  • consent: can give consent when 18 or older; parents give consent for children, state does for prisoners, etc.
  • assent: when a person isn’t old enough to give consent, they give assent to want to participate; need consent in addition to assent
49
Q

ethics

vulnerable populations

A

pregnant women, prisoners, children/minors, disabled people, people with mental health issues

50
Q

ethics

plagiarism

A

representing others’ work or ideas as our own, without giving proper credit

51
Q

apa writer

parts of an apa paper

A
  • title page: first page of APA style research report that identifies title of the work, the authors, and the institutional affiliation
  • abstract: a short (120 to 250 word) summary of an entire research report that addresses the research topic, methodology used, findings, and conclusions
  • introduction: provides background literature on topic and justification of the importance for work as well as the hypothesis
  • method: researcher provides details about the sample, materials, and procedures of collecting data
  • results: provides information about how the hypotheses were tested; explanation with statistical language, narrative, and reference to tables/graphs
  • discussion: researcher interprets, explains, and applies results of study
  • reference page: author provides identifying info about cited materials
52
Q

apa writer

important parts of apa style

A
  • active voice (subject presented first)
  • continuity
  • precision
  • conciseness
  • bias free, inclusive language
53
Q

apa writer

writing inclusively includes consideration to these groups

A
  • age
  • disability
  • gender
  • intersectionality
  • participation in research
  • racial and ethnic identity
  • sexual orientation
  • socioeconomic status

must use language that the group itself prefers when writing

54
Q

apa writer

identity first language

A

puts the identity before the person
example: an autistic person

55
Q

apa writer

person first language

A

puts the person before the identity
example: a person with autism

56
Q

ethics

tuskegee study violations

A

autonomy, beneficence and nonmaleficence, trust, justice, fidelity

57
Q

apa writer

in text citations

A

parenthetical citations
- one author: (last name, year)
- two authors: (last name & last name, year)
- more than two authors (last name et al., year)
- group author: (group title/name, year)

narrative citations
- one author: LastName (year)
- two authors: LastName and LastName (year)
- more than two authors: LastName et al. (year)
- group author: Group Name/Title (year)

58
Q

apa writer

citing multiple works by different authors

A

write the works alphabetically (in the same order in which they appear in the reference list), separate by semicolons
example: (e.g., Barker & Ramirez, 2019; Miller et al., 2019; Pew Research Center, 2016)

59
Q

apa writer

citing multiple works by the same author

A

order those citations chronologically by the year of publication; write the author once, followed by the dates separated by commas
example: (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2003, 2015, 2018; Zakorsky, n.d., 2016, 2019, in press)

60
Q

apa writer

components of a reference list citation

A

-author (person, persons, or group responsible for the work - last name and initials)
- date (date work was published, or “n.d.” for no date)
- title (title of cited work, only first word capital and first word following a colon)
- source (location of where researchers can retrieve cited work)
- double spaced, hanging indent

61
Q

apa writer

format of article citation

A

Last Name, First/Middle Initial. (use commas to list multiple authors with & in between the last two). (date). Title. Title of Journal, Volume # (Issue #), pages. DOI link

example: Burns, D. J., Reid, J. S., Toncar, M., Anderson, C., & Wells, C. (2008). The effect of gender on the motivation of members of generation Y college students to volunteer.* Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing*, 19(1), 99–118.

double spaced with hanging indent

psych research methods 1 (5 decks)

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