quiz 3 - chapter 3 Flashcards
ethics
the application of moral principles to help guide one’s decisions and behavior
utilitarian perspective
the perspective that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people
altruistic perspective
perspective that ethical decisions should be based on helping without person benefit
egoism
the perspective that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one’s own self interest
belmont report
expanded upon ethical standards for research established by the nuremberg code: three main principles are beneficence, justice, and respect for persons
cost benefit analysis
a systematic process in which a researcher weights all the potential and known benefits against all the potential and know risks before conducting a study
beneficence
actively promoting the welfare of others; an ethical obligation to maximize benefit in research studies. includes cost benefit analysis, loss of confidentiality, anonymity, physical harm, psychological harm, and cost of not doing the research
nonmaleficence
do no harm; ethical obligation to mitigate or eliminate risks to study participants
loss of confidentiality
a failure to protect the privacy of individuals; a potential risk to participants
physical harm
a physical toll that study participation may have; a potential risk to participants
anonymity
a guarantee in research studies that individual responses cannot be linked back to individual participants
psychological harm
a psychological toll that study participation may have, sucha s stress, negative emotions, or loss of self-esteem; a potential risk to participants
cost of not doing research
considering the potential beneficial application of study findings when doing a cost-benefit analysis
justice
fairness in selecting study participants and in determining which participants receive the benefits of participation and which bear the burden f risk
clinical equipoise
uncertainty as to which of two treatment options is more beneficial when conducting a study
autonomy
freely making an informed decision about participation in research; decisions must be voluntary, knowingly, and willingly
assent
an active affirmation of of a desire to particiapte from a person who does not have the ability to conset themselves; consent must also be sought from the legal guardian
fidelity and responsiblity
remind researchers they must never engage in behaviors that violate the trust others have in the scientific process
scientific integrity
a commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence ot ethical principle sin scientific research
open science
the practice of freely sharing scientific work along all stages of the research process
direct replication
an attempt to confirm previous research findings using the orignal study’s methodology
conceptual replication
an attempt to confirm previous research findings using different methods to test the same hypohtesisi
reproducibility
reanalyzing a study’s data to confirm the study’s conclusions
questionable research practices
techniques for conducting research that seem reasonable in certain contexts but artificially increase the chances of finding significant results
preregistered badge
signifies researchers have publicly shared hypothesis, design plans, potential sample info, data analysis strategies, all before data collection starts
open materials badge
shows researchers have documented their study’s methods
open data badge
indicates researchers have posted all the data they collected
confederate
an accomplice of the experimenter
deception
intentionally misleading participants in some fashion; requires debriefing after the study
institutional review board (IRB)
a board that reviews the ethical merit of all the human research conducted at an institution; provides ethical oversight of projects; need IRB proposal and approvals for every study
exempt classification
poses less than minimal risk and includes non vulnerable population
expedited classification
research poses minimal risk typically encountered in everyday life, includes a non vulnerable population
full review classificaiton
poses greater than minimal risk typically encountered in everyday life OR includes a vulnerable population
institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)
a board that reviews the ethical merit and research procedures for all animal research conducted within an institution and ensures research animals have proper living conditions
file drawer problem
a bias in the scientific community to publish only findings that confirm a researcher’s hypothesis
plagiarism
representing another’s work or ideas as our own, without giving proper credit
paraphrase
summarizing others’ ideas in our own words while providing proper citation
