quiz 3 - chapter 3

Question 1

ethics

Answer 1

the application of moral principles to help guide one’s decisions and behavior

Question 2

utilitarian perspective

Answer 2

the perspective that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Question 3

altruistic perspective

Answer 3

perspective that ethical decisions should be based on helping without person benefit

Question 4

egoism

Answer 4

the perspective that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one’s own self interest

Question 5

belmont report

Answer 5

expanded upon ethical standards for research established by the nuremberg code: three main principles are beneficence, justice, and respect for persons

Question 6

cost benefit analysis

Answer 6

a systematic process in which a researcher weights all the potential and known benefits against all the potential and know risks before conducting a study

Question 7

beneficence

Answer 7

actively promoting the welfare of others; an ethical obligation to maximize benefit in research studies. includes cost benefit analysis, loss of confidentiality, anonymity, physical harm, psychological harm, and cost of not doing the research

Question 8

nonmaleficence

Answer 8

do no harm; ethical obligation to mitigate or eliminate risks to study participants

Question 9

loss of confidentiality

Answer 9

a failure to protect the privacy of individuals; a potential risk to participants

Question 10

physical harm

Answer 10

a physical toll that study participation may have; a potential risk to participants

Question 11

anonymity

Answer 11

a guarantee in research studies that individual responses cannot be linked back to individual participants

Question 12

psychological harm

Answer 12

a psychological toll that study participation may have, sucha s stress, negative emotions, or loss of self-esteem; a potential risk to participants

Question 13

cost of not doing research

Answer 13

considering the potential beneficial application of study findings when doing a cost-benefit analysis

Question 14

justice

Answer 14

fairness in selecting study participants and in determining which participants receive the benefits of participation and which bear the burden f risk

Question 15

clinical equipoise

Answer 15

uncertainty as to which of two treatment options is more beneficial when conducting a study

Question 16

autonomy

Answer 16

freely making an informed decision about participation in research; decisions must be voluntary, knowingly, and willingly

Question 17

assent

Answer 17

an active affirmation of of a desire to particiapte from a person who does not have the ability to conset themselves; consent must also be sought from the legal guardian

Question 18

fidelity and responsiblity

Answer 18

remind researchers they must never engage in behaviors that violate the trust others have in the scientific process

Question 19

scientific integrity

Answer 19

a commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence ot ethical principle sin scientific research

Question 20

open science

Answer 20

the practice of freely sharing scientific work along all stages of the research process

Question 21

direct replication

Answer 21

an attempt to confirm previous research findings using the orignal study’s methodology

Question 22

conceptual replication

Answer 22

an attempt to confirm previous research findings using different methods to test the same hypohtesisi

Question 23

reproducibility

Answer 23

reanalyzing a study’s data to confirm the study’s conclusions

Question 24

questionable research practices

Answer 24

techniques for conducting research that seem reasonable in certain contexts but artificially increase the chances of finding significant results

Question 25

preregistered badge

Answer 25

signifies researchers have publicly shared hypothesis, design plans, potential sample info, data analysis strategies, all before data collection starts

Question 26

open materials badge

Answer 26

shows researchers have documented their study’s methods

Question 27

open data badge

Answer 27

indicates researchers have posted all the data they collected

Question 28

confederate

Answer 28

an accomplice of the experimenter

Question 29

deception

Answer 29

intentionally misleading participants in some fashion; requires debriefing after the study

Question 30

institutional review board (IRB)

Answer 30

a board that reviews the ethical merit of all the human research conducted at an institution; provides ethical oversight of projects; need IRB proposal and approvals for every study

Question 31

exempt classification

Answer 31

poses less than minimal risk and includes non vulnerable population

Question 32

expedited classification

Answer 32

research poses minimal risk typically encountered in everyday life, includes a non vulnerable population

Question 33

full review classificaiton

Answer 33

poses greater than minimal risk typically encountered in everyday life OR includes a vulnerable population

Question 34

institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)

Answer 34

a board that reviews the ethical merit and research procedures for all animal research conducted within an institution and ensures research animals have proper living conditions

Question 35

file drawer problem

Answer 35

a bias in the scientific community to publish only findings that confirm a researcher’s hypothesis

Question 36

plagiarism

Answer 36

representing another’s work or ideas as our own, without giving proper credit

Question 37

paraphrase

Answer 37

summarizing others’ ideas in our own words while providing proper citation