Quiz #4 Cardiovascular & Respiratory

Question 1

Which of the following changes will NOT increase hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

a) higher temperature
b) decreased PCO2
c) increased pH
d) Lower 2,3-DPG
e) two the above
f) all of the above

Answer 1

a) higher temperature

Question 2

If CO2 removal is impaired, and CO2 accumulates in the blood, what is the effect on the bicarbonate buffer system?

a) The bicarbonate buffer system is shifted to the right
b) The bicarbonate buffer system is shifted to the left
c) An increase in hydrogen ions and bicarbonate production
d) A decrease in hydrogen ions and bicarbonate production
e) A and C only
f) B and D only

Answer 2

e) A and C only

Question 3

Which of the following statement(s) about the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade is/are TRUE?

a) Begins when damage to the tissue exposes collagen
b) Begins when damaged tissue exposes tissue factor
c) Uses proteins already present in the plasma
d) is inactivated by fibrin
e) two of the above
f) three of the above

Answer 3

e) two of the above

Question 4

What is tidal volume? Vital capacity

Answer 4

• Tidal volume is the volume of air that moves in/out of lungs during simple expiration/inspriation
• vital capacity is the total amount of air that can be moved into/out of lungs in one breath can be calculated by: IRV + ERV + tidal volume

Question 5

An increase in which of the following measures results in an increase in blood flow throughout the body? (select all that apply)

a) stroke volume
b) heart rate
c) total peripheral resistance
d) cardiac output
e) blood pressure

Answer 5

a) stoke volume
b) heart rate
d) cardiac output

Question 6

What are the 3 steps to maintain haemostasis? Provide a brief description of each step

Answer 6

1) damaged vessel constricts : vasoconstriction, decreases the loss of blood
2) platelet plug is formed: platelets in blood stick to the collagen present, this releases cytokines and cytokines activate more platelets, all of these platelets stick together to form the plug
3) coagulation: the college that is exposed starts coagulation cascade, this produces fibrin which creates the mesh that stabilizes the plug/clots, once the vessel is healed plasmin will dissolve the clot

Question 7

What is the correct order of the valves that blood passes through as it travels from the right atrium through the heart?

a) Bicuspid, pulmonary, tricuspid, aortic
b) Tricuspid, pulmonary, bicuspid, aortic
c) Bicuspid, tricuspid, pulmonary, aortic
d) Pulmonary, aortic, tricuspid, bicuspid
e) none of the above

Answer 7

b) Tricuspid, pulmonary, bicuspid, aortic

Question 8

Which of the following are advantages of breathing in through the nose?

a) quicker intake
b) more filtration
c) increased warming
d) two of the above
e) all of the above

Answer 8

d) two of the above

Question 9

Hemoglobin is an important factor in the transport of oxygen in the blood. What are two other factors that improve its transport of oxygen in the blood?

a) Higher temperature and decreased PCO2
b) Increased pH and higher 2,3-DPG
c) Lower temperature and PCO2
d) Higher temperature and pH
e) Lower PCO2 and pH

Answer 9

c) Lower temperature and PCO2

Question 10

Arteries act as a _______________ reservoir; veins typically act as a ______________ reservoir.

a) volume; pressure
b) pressure; volume
c) pressure; pressure
d) volume; volume
e) the answer is not listed

Answer 10

b) pressure; volume

Question 11

The systemic arteries carry _____________ blood and the pulmonary veins carry _____________ blood.

a) oxygenated; deoxygenated
b) oxygenated; oxygenated
c) deoxygenated; oxygenated
d) deoxygenated; deoxygenated
e) the answer is not listed

Answer 11

b) oxygenated; oxygenated

Question 12

Which term accurately describes the ability of a lung to expand and receive more air from the environment?

a) elastance
b) elasticity
c) compliance
d) capacity
e) elastane or compliance

Answer 12

c) compliance

Question 13

Where is the baroreceptor located that would sense changes in pressure to the brain?

a) carotid sinus
b) carotid vein
c) aortic arch
d) carotid arch
e) aortic sinus

Answer 13

a) carotid sinus

Question 14

One of the following triggers would cause an increase in temperature and PC02, as well as decreased pH; this would result in a change to hemoglobin binding. Which of the following is the correct trigger?

a) smoking
b) exercise
c) sleeping
d) fasting
e) laying down

Answer 14

b) exercise

Question 15

List and describe the 5 stages of the cardiac cycle (include the specific valves involved)

Answer 15

1) atrial and ventricular relaxation: atria filling with blood, AV valves are open, ventricles expanding for the blood flowing in
2) completion of ventricular filling: atria contract and push the rest of the blood into vents
3) early ventricular contraction (1st heart sound): vents push the blood upward, AV have closes causing sound, the pressure increases in vents, atria relax and fill
4) vents eject: pressure forces semilunar valves open, blood used into arteries, atria still filling, AV valves still closed
5) vents relax (2nd heart sound): semilunar valves close causing sound, atria pressure exceeds vent pressure

Question 16

Which of the following factors would cause an increase in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and a resulting decrease in hemoglobin binding?

a) high altitude
b) high iron
c) low iron
d) decreased pH
e) two of the above
f) three of the above

Answer 16

e) two of the above

Question 17

Which of the following leukocyte(s) develop into macrophages that engulf and ingest foreign particles through phagocytosis after leaving circulation?

a) basophils
b) eosinophils
c) monocytes
d) lymphocytes
e) two of the above
d) all of the above

Answer 17

c) monocytes

Question 18

Which of the following two values would allow you to determine someone’s functional residual capacity?

a) inspriatory reserve and tidal volume
b) Vital capacity and residual volume
c) Residual volume and expiratory reserve volume
d) Total lung capacity and inspiratory capacity
e) two of the above

Answer 18

e) two of the above

Question 19

Which of the following muscles would contract during heavy exercise to force expiration? (select all that apply)

a) diaphragm
b) external intercostals
c) internal intercostals
d) abdominal muscles
e) scalenes
f) sternocleidomastoid

Answer 19

c) internal intercostals

d) abdominal muscles

Question 20

Which of the following changes would contribute to an increase in resistance to flow through a blood vessel? (select all that apply)

a) increase length of the vessel
b) decreased length of the vessel
c) increased viscosity of fluid
d) decreased viscosity of fluid
e) increased radius of the vessel
f) decreased radius of the vessel

Answer 20

a) increase length of the vessel
c) increased viscosity of fluid
f) Decreased radius of the vessel

Question 21

Hematocrit could increase as a result of which of the following conditions? (select all that apply)

a) uncontrolled erythropoiesis
b) anemia
c) reduction in RBCs
d) dehydration
e) increased plasma
f) living in high altitude conditions

Answer 21

a) uncontrolled erythropoiesis
d) Dehydration
f) living in high altitude conditions

Question 22

Central chemoreceptors tend to respond to which of the following triggers?

a) pH only
b) pH and CO2
c) CO2 and O2
d) O2 only
e) pH, O2 and CO2

Answer 22

b) pH and CO2

Question 23

Which of the following statements accurately describes pulse pressure?

a) Systolic pressure minus mean pressure
b) Mean pressure minus diastolic pressure
c) Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
d) Diastolic pressure plus ⅓ pulse pressure
e) Pulse pressure and mean pressure are the same

Answer 23

c) Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

Question 24

Which of the following categories involving gas exchange may suggest there is a pathology in the respiratory system of the affected person?

a) gas solubility
b) diffusion capability
c) avelolar oxygen
d) two of the above
e) all of the above

Answer 24

e) all of the above

Question 25

Deoxygenated blood can be found in which of the following vessels? (select all that apply)

a) pulmonary viens
b) pulmonary arteries
c) aorta
d) systemic arteries
e) systemic veins

Answer 25

b) pulmonary arteries

e) systemic viens