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Fish Science > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Clupeidae

A
  • the herrings

- broad geographic range leads to interesting life-history variation

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2
Q

Characteristics of Clupeidae

A
  • Anadromous
  • mostly pelagic, and planktivores
  • laterally compressed bodies with keel shaped ventrum edged with scutes
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3
Q

Hanseatic League

A
  • one of the first major European economic unions

- based on herring

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4
Q

Herring periods

A

-epochs of high herring catches in Scandinavia

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5
Q

What causes herring periods

A
  • autumn easterly winds strengthen that creats currents allowing Norwegian Trench water to enter
  • currents correspond with negative North Atl. Oscillation
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6
Q

North Atlantic Oscillation

A

-due to sea level pressure differentials b/t a permanent low over Greenland and Iceland and a permanent high over the Azores

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7
Q

Negative NAO index

A
  • shows a weak subtropical high and a week icelandic low

- lower pressure gradient results in fewer and weaker winter storms

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8
Q

what is bioenergetics

A

-the study of processing of energy by living systems at any level of biological organization

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9
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

-energy is neither created nor destroyed, it is just transferred

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10
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

-any transformation of energy or matter results in some loss of useful energy

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11
Q

Energy budgets

A
  • Inputs, outputs, storage, and growth
  • Inputs = outputs + growth
  • units: calories, joules, carbon, biomass
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12
Q

Equation for energy budget

A 
C = M + G + U + F
C = energy consumed
M = metabolic energy
U = energy excreted 
G = growth energy
F = fecal egestion energy
-M, G, U are assimilated energy
-F is unassimilated energy
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13
Q

How to measure consumption rate in wild

A

-need to use mathematical models to help interpret consumption and simultaneous loss of food from stomach

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14
Q

Standard metabolism

A
  • closest approximation of basal rate

- fish are quiet, unstressed, not swimming, not feeding or digesting

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15
Q

Routine metabolism

A
  • routine activity of a non-feeding fish

- typically measured in an aquarium or other controlled space

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16
Q

Active metabolism

A
  • additional metabolic cost of activity (swimming)
  • will be a function of swimming speed
  • also whether metabolism is aerobic or anaerobic
17
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

-consumes glucose and produces 36 moles of ATP (262.8 kcal)

18
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

-consumes glucose and produces 3 moles of ATP (21.9 kcal)

19
Q

Feeding metabolism

A
  • energy used to digest food

- can vary a lot depending on items in the diet

20
Q

How do we measure respiration rate to estimate metabolism

A
  • oxygen respirometry
  • consumption of O2 measured over a known time
  • can estimate weight-specific respiration rate when given weight
21
Q

Calculating weight-specific R variables:

A

-B = biomass of the fish
V = volume of water in the experiment chamber
O2 = dissolved O2 concentrations in the water
Delta t = time (hours)

22
Q

What has an affect on metabolism

A
  • body size (weight)
  • temperature
  • activity
23
Q

How does weight affect metabolism

A

-the bigger the fish, the lower its specific respiration rate (R/g)

24
Q

How have bioenergetic models been used in fisheries

A
  • Sea lamprey control and lake trout

- Climate change and sockeyed salmon production

25
Q

Bioenergetic models and climate change effects on sockeye salmon production

A
  • climate change increases temperatures and decreases upwelling
  • temp increase of 2-4 C, and lower food availability, results in a 10-30% decrease in adult mass
  • leads to lower juvenile survival
26
Q

Measuring consumption rate in the wild variables

A

C_t = consumption rate within period t
S_t = weight of stomach contents in period t
k = gut evacuation rate (time^-1)
delta t = time interval between measurements

27
Q

What is a predator

A

-a heterotroph that consumes other heterotrophs

28
Q

Process of predation

A
  • searching for suitable prey
  • catching prey
  • subduing prey
  • consuming prey
  • digestion and assimilation
29
Q

time model for predation

A

t = t_s + t_h’
t_s is search time
t_h is handling time

30
Q

Type 1 functional response

A
  • assumes linear increase in consumption rate up to threshold density N
  • simple systems where the predator has no trouble locating and consuming prey
31
Q

How to calculate t_h

A

= h * n
h is handling time per prey item
n is the number of prey items captured in time t

32
Q

how to calculate n

A

= N * @ * t_s

  • N = total number of available prey
  • @ (alpha) is the encounter rate

Fish Science (10 decks)

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