Quiz 4 Flashcards
The colorful food insecurity framework
- physical environment
- social environment
- policy environment
- insufficient production/agriculture
- poverty-unemployment
- high food prices
- low human capitals (taboos)
- low social capital (weak social network)
- illness
- depression/conflicts
- undernutrition and obesity (double burden)
- insufficient low quality diet/poor utilization
FOOD INSECURITY
The Voices of the Hungry Concept
- MILD Food Insecurity
- worrying about ability to obtain food
- MODERATE Food Insecurity
- compromising the quality and the variety of food
- reducing quantities/skipping meals
- SEVERE Food Insecurity
- experiencing hunger
Hidden Hunger
30% women of reproductive age with anemia
25% Under-5 Vitamin A deficiency
Child undernutrition a Global Challenge
child stunting
child wasting
child underweight
Overweight and Obesity are increasing worldwide
- 5% in adults
47. 1% in children since 1980
Countries with obesity prevalence exceeding 50% in women
Tonga Kuwait Kiribati Micronesia Libya Qatar Samoa
Global Prevalence of obesity
1.5 billion adults
Highest overweight/obesity rates in the world
Nauru Micronesia Cook Islands Tonga Niue Simos Palau Kuwait USA Kitibati Dominica Barbados Argentina Egypt Malta
Why are island countries have the highest overweight/obesity rates in the world?
demolished their food production systems to turn into touristic areas, they import the vast majority of the food they consume. The food they import have long shelf life therefore not as healthy
The global prevalence of Diabetes
o Food importation
o Cultural foods they eat
o High energy dense food but also overweight and obesity represent health.
o It is a growing problem and one of the main causes is relates to the food system
o Correlation between food insecurity and obesities, diabetes and metabolic syndromes.
Malnutrition is costly
Malnutrition
- $3.5 trillion/year (5-10% global GDP)
Undernutrition
- $1.4-2.1 trillion/year (2-3% global GDP)
Obesity
- $2 trillion in 2012
Responses to household shortages (look at the table in the slides to understand the description)
o As time goes on things become more severe and people have different ways of dealing with food shortage
o The higher the curve the highest the ability to reverse things. It is easier to go back to the initial state if the curve is higher and yellow. The more they go down the lower the chance of reversing the situation.
o Commit less their domestic sources. People can hold on to their tools, life stocks, hold on to their land. As things turn red, it is hard to hold on things and the commitment increases and they have to give away their sources. When people have most of their domestic sources, when they lose they have to adjust to their land and stocks and crop.
o People start changing their diets, quality and the quantity. Things are available but they don’t eat because they think they have a lot but when they run out of other things they start eating that too. They start borrowing money, then start migrating, going back and forth. Then they start selling their small animals and hold their big animals. They start getting loans, compromising in advance on their crops. They start selling tools, sell the land. When the land is gone he is not a farmer anymore and migrates for other lands. They go to the city; they move North etc. because they have nothing else at home.
Association between household food insecurity and children’s stunting and underweight.
Children with food insecure households are more likely to be stunted.
Pulses and Beans in India and Mexico
o Nutritious foods
o The production decreased in more than half.
Sugar and Oils in India and Mexico
o The sugar consumption in India increased 3 times and 2 times in Mexico
o Sugar is the least expensive food
o Consumption of sugar is higher in food insecure people than food secure people.
Food Categorization Scheme
- CORE FOODS
- universal, staple and consistently used foods
- corn tortilla, sweet bread, rice, sugar, bean, chile, onion, nopales (mexico) - SECONDARY FOODS
- widespread but not universally consumed
- noodle soup, oatmeal, fish, milk, egg, boysenberry - PERIPHERAL FOODS
- least common, infrequent in occurrence
- potatoes, beef, yogurt, pork, cheese, chicken, sardines, mangoes, plantains
Commitments of the World Food Summit Plan of Action 1996
o 1996 – how to achieve food security
- Political, social, and economic ENVIRONMENT most conductive to achieving sustainable food security for all
- Policies aimed at eradicating poverty; access to sufficient, NUTRITIONALLY ADEQUATE AND SEFE FOOD
- Participatory and SUSTAINABLE FOOD POLICIES and practiced at the household, national, regional and global levels
♣ Climate change
♣ PARTICIPATORY: the involvement of the society and social organizations. - Food, agricultural trade and overall trade policies conductive to fostering food security through FAIR WORLD TRADE SYSTEM
- PREVENT and be prepared for natural disasters and man-made emergencies.
♣ People shouldn’t be treated with medications bc it is not enough the problem should be solved with nutrition, if the nutrition is inadequate, the infections will keep coming back - Optimal allocation uses of PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INVESTMENTS
♣ The “actions” stay in words and never actually in action
♣ Right allocation of resources has an impact in decreasing the number of hungry people.
♣ In Brazil, national program was launched to eradicate hunger. By 2009, the investment reached 20 billion dollars per year. They also incorporate the private sector into this budget. The key for their success was the budget locations, the number of hungry people went down significantly. Now the hunger is not a priority anymore in Brazil.
♣ Many of the programs have budget for hunger but they use it for other purposes such as lowering taxes for rich. - Impairment, MONITOR, AND FOLLOW-UP this plan
♣ Refers to methodologies to assess food security, different indicators, reports
♣ In many cases the international reports are mostly projections. The countries who suffer from food insecurity don’t have the sources to put data together or follow the situation.
Rosales Family meeting in VILLA TACHITO trying to solve their own problems
o they are the real people who are actually dealing with food insecurity in real life. These are the people that all the organizations should ask about how to solve the problem. None of the organization meeting in the big cities don’t work bc they don’t ask these people how to fight hunger and food insecurity.
Golden Rice
A lot of investments were put on golden rice for vitamin A (GMO) in order to end vitamin A deficiency. Some legislations ban GMOs but they say golden rice works, they present this rice to populations that are high in vitamin A deficiency. But these people weren’t asked how they like their rice to be cooked. They actually like their rice white. So the populations refused to eat that rice, the researchers were surprised but they didn’t the cultures into account. Science failed bc of consumer preferences.
Hunting, Gathering and Fishing
little beans in kids hands
Livestock, small animal breeding, aquaculture
chicken story with the fox
Gardening
outdoor schools for gardening but too many bugs and hard to maintain
The Impact of Development Interventions on Household Food Insecurity (look at the chart in the slides)
UNICEF FRAMEWORK
A.
- Physical –> environment
- Policy –> institutional development
- Social –> village associations
B. Capital
- land, tools, livestock, working capital
- new technologies, irrigation, technology
C. Human Capital = Augmented Labour
- agricultural extension, skills training, literacy
D. Infrastructure
E. Nutrition and Care Education
F. Water and Sanitation
Nutritional Security Framework (look up in slides)
- Physiological OUTCOME
- Social OUTCOME
- INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
- INTRAHOUSEHOLD (processes)
- ACCESS TO RESOURCES AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
- NUTRITIONAL STATUS (biological factors)
- NUTRITION SECURITY ( Adequate dietary intake, adequate care, adequate health and sanitation)
- CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES WITHIN HOUSEHOLDS ( allocation of resources among different needs and distribution within household to ensure individual food security and satisfaction of health related needs of individual members)
- HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY AND BASIC NEEDS (capacity to obtain adequate resources fro livelihood needs)
- HOUSEHOLD RESOURCE BASE (access to productive assets, employment opportunities, income generation, public services, social support mechanisms)
Main strategies against undernutrition
- Food Based strategies
- Supplementation
- Global public health and disease control measures
Food Based Strategies against undernutrition
- increase food production
- improve dietary diversification
- Food fortification (biofortification)
- most sustainable approaches to prevent micronutrient deficiencies and contribute to general malnutrition prevention
Things that need to be careful about when fighting undernutrition with food based strategies
o Preventative, cost-effective, sustainable, and income generating
o Culturally acceptable and feasible to implement
o Promote self-reliance and community participation
o Take into account crucial role of breastfeeding and special needs of infants during weaning period
o Foster the development of environmentally sound food production systems
o Alliance among government, consumer groups, food industry and organizations to prevent malnutrition.
Adoption of food based strategies can make possible ___
- redirection of funds previously devoted to curative health care and social welfare to other developmental activities
Food Systems Approach
o Food production and processing o Storage and preservation o Communication and education o Social marketing o Planning o Coordinating o Monitoring and evaluation
Getting the priorities right against undernutrition
o Rapid pro-poor economic growth
o Effective provision of public goods
o Empowerment of poor people (Increasing GDP)
Seven High-Priority Policy Actions
- Invest in human resources
- improve access to reproductive resources and remunerative employment
- improve markets, infrastructure and institutions
- Expand appropriate research, knowledge and technology
- Improve natural resource management
- Promote good governance
- Support sound national and international trade and macroeconomic policies
Pathways to Reshape Global Food Systems
- Invest in agriculture R&D to produce more nutrition with less
- Fix the fundamentals e.g. marketing, infrastructure
- Empower women in liking agriculture to nutrition
- Transform smallholder agriculture for nutrition-driven outcomes
- Improve food safety
