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Global Food Security > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Food Security

A 
All people, all times
physical and economic access
to sufficient, safe nutritious food
dietary needs and preferences
active and healthy life
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2
Q

Assessing Food Security

A 
availability 
physical access
economical access
utilisation
vulnerability
shocks
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3
Q

Static and Dynamic Determinants: Availability

A
  • Average dietary energy supply adequacy
  • Average value of food production
  • Share of dietary energy supply derived from cereals, roots, tubers
  • Average protein supply
  • Average supply of animal protein
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4
Q

Static and Dynamic Determinants: Physical Access

A
  • Percentage of paved roads over total roads
  • Road density
  • Rail lines density
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5
Q

Static and Dynamic Determinants: Economic Access

A

domestic food price index

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6
Q

Static and Dynamic Determinants: Utilisation

A
  • access to improved water sources

- access to improved sanitation facilities

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7
Q

Static and Dynamic Determinants: Vulnerability

A
  • cereal import dependency ratio
  • percentage of arable land equipped for irrigation
  • value of food imports over total merchandise exports
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8
Q

Static and Dynamic Determinants: Shocks

A
  • political stability and the absence of violence/terrorism
  • domestic food price volatility
  • per capita food production variability
  • per capita food supply variability
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9
Q

Outcomes: Access

A
  • prevalence of undernourishment
  • share of food expenditure of the poor
  • depth of the food deficit
  • prevalence of food inadequacy
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10
Q

Outcomes: Utilisation

A
  • % of children under 5 years of age affected by wasting
  • % of children under 5 years of age who are stunted
  • % of adults who are underweight
  • prevalence of anemia among pregnant women
  • prevalence of anemia among children under 5 years of age
  • prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (forthcoming)
  • prevalence of iodine deficiency (forthcoming)
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11
Q

Food Security Measurement Methods 2002

A
  1. FAO method - food balance sheets
  2. Household income and expenditure surveys
  3. Adequacy of dietary intake
  4. Child nutrition status
  5. People’s experience with food insecurity
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12
Q

The State of Food Insecurity in the World

A

Reports:
1996
2015
2017

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13
Q

Meeting the 2015 International Hunger Target

A

taking stock of uneven progress

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14
Q

Stunting

A

process of failure to reach linear growth potential as a result of suboptimal health and/or nutritional conditions. On a population basis, high levels of stunting are associated with poor socioeconomic conditions and increased risk of frequent and early exposure to adverse conditions such as illness and/or inappropriate feeding practices.

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15
Q

Wasting

A

recent and severe process of weight loss, which is often associated with acute starvation and/or severe disease.

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16
Q
  1. FAO method - food balance sheets
A
  1. for 15 years, FAO used these sheets to determine how many people are food insecure.
    o A country produces food, a country also imports food,
    o it also exports food, the amount of food available decreases,
    o some of the food is fed to the animals,
    o some foods are wasted,
    o then we convert all that food into calories
    o we have the calories but we have different energy requirements
    o calculate the energy requirement of the population
    o based on the number, based on the sex, age, we know how many calories we need in this country
    o let’s say we need 100000 but we have only 50000 available. This means half of us will be not get the calories they need. If the calories don’t match, then there is FOOD INSECURITY.
    o It’s a way of having an idea of the calories available and how much people need.
    o It doesn’t take into account the nutritional values and the micronutrients
    o It doesn’t tell us who has access to these calories and who don’t
    o This is so far the number one indicator of food insecurity in the world
    o SOFI – 2002 was the last report – Rome
    o United Nations have different organizations in their structure and there are many of them that deal with food and food insecurities.
    o For many years it was only FAO, then in 2015 the other agents joined FAO, like UNICEF, etc.
    o IFAD – international fund for agricultural development
17
Q
  1. Household Income Expenditure
A

o Used to assess POVERTY
o People who are poor have higher risk of being food insecure
o The limitation with this method is that not everybody who is considered not poor is food secure. This assumes that non poor people are nor food insecure but this is not true, they can also be food insecure.
o The flip side of the coin, it could be that someone who is considered poor can produce high nutritional value foods.
o Middle class in developing countries
o Perhaps you make enough money but the living standard you have doesn’t allow you to have the foods you require in a day.

18
Q
  1. Adequacy of Dietary Intake
A

o 24-hour recall questionnaire: what did you eat in the last 24 hours.
o Ask and convert into calories, micronutrients etc.
o Based on the answers and calculations we determine whether the diet is deficient of nutrients
o The consensus is we take 3 dietary recalls in order to have a good idea about people’s dietary patterns and the quality of their diets
o The limitation is the memory; some people don’t remember what they eat in 24 hours or how they prepare things or how much they had. It is time consuming to ask.
o It is not enough to assess only 3 days, you need at least 10 days of summary

19
Q
  1. Child Nutritional Status
A 
anthropometric indicators
height or length
weight
sex
age
20
Q
  1. People’s Experience with Food Insecurity
A

o Based on the questionnaires that ask poor people what does being hungry mean for them.
o they say they skip meals, reduce the serving size, children say they are hungry but they don’t have anything to give their kids.
o Eating the same kinds of foods everyday indicated food insecurity as well.
o The quality of the diet is affected as well
o UN adopted this method for the sustainable development goals
o The most important questionnaire is called the food insecurity experience scale (FIES)

21
Q

The Tip of the Iceberg: People Going Hungry to Bed

The food summit – November 1996 released the definition of the food insecurity:

A

o The goal is to reduce the number of undernourished people by half using the starting point of 1990-1992.
o By 2015 we were able to reduce the number but we are far from our goals. 780–>490
• Millennium conference: they didn’t focus on the number but they focus on the percentage of the hungry people. The target was 11.6 but we reached to 12.9%
• How come we were able to reach the millennium conference target and not the food summit? Bc the population is growing, nothing stays stable.
• Africa is the continent that has the highest percentages of hunger in the world.

22
Q

Impact of Alternative Definitions of the Minimum Dietary Energy Requirements

What is the safest estimation?

A
  • The physical activity is important to calculate people’s energy requirements
  • The problem is that UN is not able to calculate or estimate the energy requirement of the world. The countries don’t have that information to share with UN.
  • What is the safest estimation? We know the size of the population, the age and the sex of the country. So we assume everybody is sedentary and calculate the minimum energy requirements based on the population, age, and sex. We are underestimating the requirements bc not everybody is sedentary. Ex. Farmers, factories, hardworking people. In majority poor people work the hardest and their energy requirements are high. If we do an assumption, the normal physical activity, the green line, then we have 1.5 billion hungry people. These limitations show us how how big the problem is.
23
Q

Zinc Deficiency

A

1/3 of the worlds population
over 200 billion individuals
Hotz and Brown - 2004

24
Q

risk factors include:

A

inadequate intake or poor absorption from the diet
WHO 2008
GIBSON 1994
WHO 1996

25
Q

Food Insecurity Experience Scale

A

• “During the last 12 months, was there a time when, bc of lack of money or other sources”:

  1. You were worried you could not get enough food to eat?
  2. You were unable to eat healthy and nutritious food?
  3. You ate only a few kinds of food?
  4. You had to skip a meal?
  5. You ate less than you thought you should?
  6. Your household ran out of food?
  7. You were hungry but did not eat?
  8. You went without eating for a whole day?
26
Q

People’s Experience with Food Insecurity 2016

A

voices of the hungry

methods for estimating comparable prevalence rates of food insecurity experienced by adults throughout the world

27
Q

The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World

A

2017:

  • FAO
  • WHO
  • UNICEF
  • IFAD
  • WFP

Building Resilience for peace and food security

WFP, WHO, IFAD, UNICEF, FAO. This is a big step forward, this is the first time that the organizations focus on health of the people and the state of the children. The bad news is that we have all the technology and food production that is enough for the whole world, the last report in 2015 show that we had 777 undernourished people, but the report in 2017 reports that by 2016 the number increased to 815 (almost 40 million) from 777. The dimension of stability plays a key role. The 2017 report focuses on peace.

28
Q

What is Food Insecurity Experience Scale?

A

a scale that shows the different levels of severity in food security. In order to get to higher severity, you have to go through the lower levels of food insecurity first.

29
Q

The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017: Important elements

A

o the number of conflict are also on the rise, exasperated by climate, related shocks, conflicts seriously affect food security and are cause of much of the recent increase on food insecurity
o conflict is a key driver of situations of severe food crisis and recently re-emerged famines, while hunger and undernutrition are significantly worse where conflicts are prolonged and institutional capacities weak.
o Addressing food insecurity and malnutrition in conflict-affected situations cannot be “business as usual”. It requires a conflict-sensitive approach that aligns actions for immediate humanitarian assistance, long-term development and sustaining peace.
o This report sends a clear warming signal that the ambition by 2030 will be challenging-achieving it will require renewed efforts through new ways of working.

Global Food Security (6 decks)

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