Class Presentations Flashcards
What are the major factors influencing food security in Nunavut?
- Cultural Assimilation
- depletion of traditions
- social factors - Climate conditions
- climate change
- harsh conditions - Importations
- high food costs
- isolated environment - Household crowding
- sanitation, preparation + psychological concerns
What is the most important to Nunavummuit in terms of food?
country food > local food production > store bought food
How does cultural assimilation affect food security in Nunavut?
segregation + racism –> loss of knowledge, depression, alcohol + drugs
Define household crowding
more than one person per one room, excluding living room and the kitchen
What are the consequences of household crowding?
key player in food utilization:
- sanitation concerns
- preparation concerns
- psychological concerns
How is climate change affecting Nunavut in terms of food security?
melting of ice –>
- rerouting of migration pathways
- hard to reach the hunting sites
- issues with hunting and harvesting country foods
Why is there loss of knowledge on hunting and harvesting in Nunavut?
- young prefer the store bought food
- efficacy
- rising cost of harvesting and hunting
- environmental change
=
loss of knowledge on hunting, harvesting, and food preparation passed down to generations
What did the US government do in 2006 in terms of food security in their country?
they replaced “hunger” with the term “food insecure” to describe any household where sometime during the previous year, people didn’t have enough food to eat.
How does the US classify food insecurity?
Moderate –> anxiety regarding the next meal and compromised quality of meals
Severe –> anxiety, compromised quality and quantity, and experience of hunger
Which groups of people are more vulnerable to food insecurity in the USA?
single mom > single men > Black Hispanic households > White non-hispanic households
Describe the conditions in the USA in terms of agriculture
- Urban areas tripled in 63 year
- 59% decrease in forest land
- crop value > livestock value
- ## exports > imports
Describe the situation in the USA in terms of access
- limited access to healthy food –> greater access to energy dense food
- larger stores
- increased transportation costs
- higher food prices
What did the USDA stated in 2006 in terms of hunger and food insecurity?
Hunger is a concept distinct from food insecurity, which is an indicator of and possible consequence of food insecurity that can be useful in characterizing severity of food insecurity. Hunger itself is an important concept that should be measured at the individual level distinct from, but in the context of, food insecurity
What are the categories proposed by the USDA in terms of food security?
High Food Security –> No problem or anxiety accessing adequate and safe foods.
Marginal Food Security –> Problems/anxiety at times accessing adequate foods, but quality, quantity and variety were not substantially lowered.
Low Food Security –> Households reduced the quality, variety and desirability of their diet, but quantity and normal eating habits were not substantially disrupted.
Very Low Food Security –> Eating patterns of one or more household members was disrupted and food intake was reduced due to lack of resources sometime during the previous year.
What is U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM)?
18 questions divided into 3 stages with screeners to minimize stress placed on respondent, yet still get reliable results without bias
What are other adaptations to the U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM)?
U.S. Adult Food Security Survey Module → 10 questions, for households without children
“Short Form” of the Food Security Survey Module → 6 questions, faster screening, BUT less precise and doesn’t make distinctions
Children Food Security Scale → 8 child-specific questions to better measure child experience with food insecurity and malnourishment
Spanish version of HFSSM → includes a measure for past food insecurity amongst Hispanic immigrant mothers
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) → adapted to the current epidemic of chronic diseases in the U.S. to assess nutritional behaviours and risk of disease
The three major federal and community food and nutrition assistance programs in the USA
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) → 44.2 million people
National School Lunch Program (NSLP) → 30.3 million children
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) → 7.7 million participants per month
Who is a refugee?
Any person forced to flee from their country by violence or persecution.
More likely, they cannot return home or are afraid to do so.
51% of refugees are school-aged children under the age of 18.
What is an asylum seeker?
An asylum-seeker is someone whose request for sanctuary has yet to be processed.
Who is UNHCR?
The UN Refugee Agency - The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
A global organization dedicated to saving lives, protecting rights and building a better future for refugees, forcibly displaced communities and stateless people
Availability in refugee camps
- Incomplete food baskets
- Late delivery of food
- Food rations only distributed to registered refugees
- Lack of dietary diversity
- No or little local food production
Physical access in refugee camps
- No safe access to markets and services
- Food basket distribution lack organization
- Camps located in marginalized area
- Secluded camps
Economical access in refugee camps
- Limited access to labor market
- Prevalence of absolute poverty
- Increased share of food expenditure
Utilization in refugee camps
- No or little access to clean water
- No proper food and water storage
- Food aid can be sold/exchanged for non-food goods
- Absence/shortage of sanitation services
- Poor quality diet and non ensured public health interventions: development of infectious diseases
Stability in refugee camps
- Banditry
- Location of refugee camps at crossfire of wars
- Threats from the government of the host country
- Threats from camp guards
- Threats from fellow refugee
- Gender-based violence
What does UNHCR?
- Cash based Interventions
- Education
- Climate Change and Disasters
- Livelihoods
- Public Health
- Shelter
Displacement in Columbia
Due to the civil war:
- 7.2 million people displaced
- Rural → urban areas
- Unemployment, poverty: street vendors, cleaning cars at traffic lights, singing in buses or begging for money.
What did “From Zero to Forever” promised in 2010 in Columbia?
World Bank
National strategy
Every child guaranteed free healthcare & education
What did “National Food Security and Nutrition Plan” promised in 2013-2019
Provide adequate supply of nutritious food, enhance social welfare, improve food and water safety
What did United Nations World Food Programme promised in Columbia?
- Involving small farmers
- Program development support, increase access, enhance marketing capacity
- Resilience and livelihood
Band aid vs Heart Transplant Solutions in Columbia
BAND-AID
- Apply yourself
- Mass production
- Effective…?
- No change
HEART-TRANSPLANT
- Skilled teams
- Highly specialized, trained
- Protocols
- Devotion & investment
- Innovation
- Follow ups
- Big change
General Look to Rohingya’s Instabilities
- Climate changes
- Stateless—1982 Citizenship Act
- Religious struggles (buddhism vs muslim)
- Ethnic cleansing
- migration
Factors that affect Rohingya’s food Insecurity
- instabilities
- 90%: one meal a day & lack diversity
- 1.2 million ppl affected
- High risk of disease outbreaks
- Lack of services (water, health, shelter, sanitation)
Short term and long term Response Plans in Rohingya
Short term
- Blanket food distribution
- Supplementary feeding to pregnant lactating women and children < 5 years
- Fortified biscuits to new arrivals
- Distribution of cooked food
- Improving services and infrastructures (new latrines)
ID for Refugees in Malaysia
Long term
- Developing income-generating activities
- Strengthening the market system
- Implementing cash-based interventions
- Encourage and contributes to local farm in Rakhine
- Psycho-social support
How does climate change affect food production?
- more droughts, less precipitation
- extreme temperature changes
- limitations in water supply
- increase in pests and bacteria
Give 3 examples for events occurred in the past that affected big part of the population
The Great Famine
2010 Haiti Earthquake
Hurricane in Puerto Rico
Which sector is the most vulnerable to natural disasters
agriculture
How did 1932 Famine happened in Russia?
- Introduction of communism and collectivization
- Ill-equipped people forced into farming
- Given rations, expected to grow their own food
- Procurement of agri-food products
What is Ration system 1993 in Russia?
- Aided in the allocation of food
- Coupons gave families ‘the right to buy’ items
- Supposedly only applied to ‘necessities’: Including sugar, vodka and cigarettes
What was the perception of food in Russia during Soviet Union?
- During the times of the the Soviet Union, Russia had an enormous livestock sector
- Communist leaders promoted high consumption of animal products under false beliefs of good nutrition
- Soviet Union’s Ministry of Health recommended twice the amount of protein compared to Europe and North America
Hoe did embargo affected Russia?
People consume more local food but lacking vegetables, fruits and nuts. Less options available at the supermarket
What is the perception of food in Russian politicians?
- Russian leaders use the terms food security and self-sufficiency synonymously
- They view food security as political variable rather than a condition reflecting access and availability of food
Who is OXFAM?
Oxfam is an international confederation of 20 organizations working together with partners and local communities in more than 90 countries.
One person in three in the world lives in poverty. Oxfam is determined to change that world by mobilizing the power of people against poverty.
Around the globe, Oxfam works to find practical, innovative ways for people to lift themselves out of poverty and thrive. We save lives and help rebuild livelihoods when crisis strikes. And we campaign so that the voices of the poor influence the local and global decisions that affect them.
In all we do, Oxfam works with partner organizations and alongside vulnerable women and men to end the injustices that cause poverty.
Social Impacts of Drought in South Africa
drought –> crime, stress –> drug abuse –> unsafe sex –> HIV/AIDS –> Loss of human resource –> loss of agriculture skills
Which part of South Africa is considered the most food insecure?
KwaZulu-Natal (KZN)
What happened in Madagascar in June 2017 that affected Food Security drastically?
- Southeast regions experienced severe dryness (end of 2016), then Cyclone Enawo (March 2017)
- June 2017: Stressed Acute Food Insecurity
- Projected to enter the Crisis Phase from Oct 2017 to Jan 2018
Malagasy (Madagascar) food markets heavily depend on:
LOCAL RICE, 11%
FRESH CASAVA, 20%
MAIZE, 7%
SWEET POTATO, 50%
Humanitarian Efforts in Madagascar
WFP and FAO:
- Provision of food assistance to the most vulnerable people
- Food/Cash for work programs
- Provisions of adequate support to farmers to increase the production
- Promotion of short cycled crop varieties to adapt to the climatic conditions
- Strengthening of income-generating activities
- Introduction of more efficient water management
The U.N.
- Distribution of drought- resistant seeds
- Promoting for food asset programs where farmers are given food vouchers
What is the Action Plan of Nutrition in Norway?
- free fruits and vegetables daily in schools
What is climate smart agriculture?
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach that helps to guide actions needed to transform and reorient agricultural systems to effectively support development and ensure food security in a changing climate. CSA aims to tackle three main objectives: sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes; adapting and building resilience to climate change; and reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emissions, where possible.
In Chad, maternal health depends on 3 factors?
- financial status
- mothers education
- geographic status
Transitional Education Plan in Chad (SIPAE)
- Universal primary education
- Institutional capacity building
- Organized and pedagogical national structures
What are the 2 programmes that partnered with UNICEF
Global Partnership for Education
Educate a Child
What does UNHAS (United Nations Humanitarian Air Service) do in Chad?
- Carries personnel and light cargo and vital work for humanitarian organizations
- Safe efficient and effective air transport
Causes and Consequences of FI in Ethiopia
- Stability
- El Nino
- Economy
- Conflicts between regions - Access
- poverty
- road density
- high food prices - Availability
- increase of pests
- livestock crisis
- population - Utilization
- Unsafe water
- Open defecation
- Stunting
What are the 3 seasons in Ethiopia
- Bega –> long dry season in October to January
- Belg –> a short rainy season in February to March
- Kremt –> long and rainy season from June to September
What are the goals of “Feed the Future” in Ethiopia
- reduce poverty
- reduce stunting
- increase the agricultural production of vulnerable population
- participate in economic activities
Productive Safety Net Program Goals
- resist shocks
- create assets
- become food self-sufficient
- provide food and money
Causes of Child Obesity in China
- Urbanization
- Grandparents perspectives
- food preference
- influence of West Culture
- food safety
What are the goals of National Nutritional Plan in China by 2020 and 2030?
2020
- Decrease anemia rates to under 12% among children under 5 years old, and under 15% for pregnant women, under 10% among elders and people in rural area
- Cut the prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years old to under 7%, and wasting to under 5%
- Maintain the rate of stunting under 5% for rural area students and decrease the difference of height between urban and rural students.
- Control students’ obesity rate
2030
- Decrease the rate of anemia to under 10% for children under 5 years old and pregnant women
- Decrease stunting rate to under 5% for children under 5 years old
- Further decrease the height difference between rural and urban students.
Name the other nutrition plans that are acting in China
Egg and Milk Program
Chunmiao Nutrition Program
Barriers to agricultural production in Haiti
- low access to land and credit
- lack of knowledge and technique
- lack of labour
Instability factors in Haiti
- poverty, national debt
- history, corruption
- racism, education
- low resilience
- recent disasters
Which organizations helped Haiti after the earthquake?
UNICEF WHO Food For The Poor OXFAM Reddit
What did World Bank say about Indian Women
“Women play a critical role in food production and access to credit will negatively affect women’s food production therefore leaving women with lower investments and much more potential environmental degradation”
Health Problems caused by open defecation and water pollution in India
●Transmission of oral-fecal diseases:
-Diarrhea (gut worms, No. 1 cause of child deaths in India)
-Respiratory infections
●Poor absorption and utilization of nutrients.
- Malnutrition (48% of children) and stunting
●Polluted water is a breeding ground for mosquitoes:
-Malaria and Dengue fever
-Cause 500,000 deaths in India per year
●Weakened immune system
-More vulnerable to pneumonia
What are the solutions in India
■Integrated child development scheme (ICDS): provides Nutrition and Health service
■Mid day Meal program
■Mahila Mandils and Aganwadi centres: education grants and bathrooms
■Janani Suraksha Yojana: Provides transportation money for basic obstetric care
