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Global Food Security > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which years were The State of Food Insecurity in the World (SOFI) released and what were their slogans?

A

2015–>International hunger targets: taking stock of uneven progress

2017–>Building resilience for peace and food security

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2
Q

Which organizations joined SOFI in 2015?

A

FAO
IFAD
WFP

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3
Q

The goal in 1996 for hunger

A

reduce the number of people by half

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4
Q

The goal in 2000 hunger

A

reduce the percentage of people by half

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5
Q

The goal in 2015 hunger

A
  • Reported to us how much we have advanced and if we have reached out goal.
  • With regards to the millennium goals we were close to our target but in terms of the food summit we were far from reaching our goals
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6
Q

Which organizations joined the SOFI in 2017?

A 
FAO
IFAD
WFP
\+
UNICEF
WHO
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7
Q

What are the key messages of the SOFI 2017?

A
  • act together to end hunger and prevent all forms of malnutrition by 2030
  • In 2016 the number of chronically undernourished people in the world is estimated to have increased to 815 million, up from 777 million in 2015 although still down from about 900 million in 2000.
  • The food security situation has worsened in particular in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, South-Eastern Asia and Western Asia
  • Conflict is a key driver of situations of severe food crisis and recently re-emerged famines, while hunger and undernutrition are significantly worse where conflicts are prolonged and institutional capacities weak.
  • Globally, the prevalence of stunting fell from 29.5 percent to 22.9 percent between 2005 and 2016, although 155 million children under five years of age across the world still suffer from stunted growth
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8
Q

What are the key messages of the SOFI 2015?

A
  • About 795 million people are undernourished globally, down 167 million over the last decade, and 216 million less than in 1990–92
  • less inclusive economic growth as well as political instability in some developing regions, such as Central Africa and western Asia
  • The year 2015 marks the end of the Millennium Development Goal targets. –> the total population has decreased from 23.3 percent in 1990–92 to 12.9 per cent
  • the prevalence of undernourishment and the proportion of underweight children under 5 years of age – have both declined
  • Enhancing the productivity and incomes of smallholder family farmers is key to progres
  • Social protection directly contributes to the reduction of poverty, hunger and malnutrition by promoting income security and access to better nutrition, health care and education.
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9
Q

By year of 2015, it was the end of Millennium Developmental Goals target. For the developing regions as a whole, the share of undernourished people in the total population has decreased from ____ percent in 1990–92 to _____ per cent

A
  1. 3%

12. 9%

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10
Q

According to SOFI 2015 in which regions did malnutrition increased?

A
  • Africa
  • Asia
  • Latin America and Caribbean
  • Oceania
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11
Q

According to SOFI 2017 the food security situation has worsened in particular in parts of _______

A
  • sub-Saharan Africa,
  • South-Eastern Asia
  • Western Asia
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12
Q

Globally, the prevalence of stunting fell from ___ percent to ____ percent between 2005 and 2016, although 155 million children under five years of age across the world still suffer from stunted growth

A
  1. 5%

22. 9%

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13
Q

AFTER A PROLONGED DECLINE, WORLD HUNGER APPEARS TO BE ON THE RISE AGAIN

A

SOFI 2017

In 2016, the number of undernourished people in the world increased to an estimated 815 million, up from 777 million in 2015 but still down from about 900 million in the year 2000. Similarly, while the prevalence of undernourishment is projected to have increased to an estimated 11 percent in 2016, this is still well below the level of a decade ago. Nonetheless, the recent increase is cause for great concern and poses a significant challenge for international commitments to end hunger by 2030.

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14
Q

” Number of violent conflicts around the world has increased significantly, hitting rural communities the hardest. More conflict is thus driving greater food insecurity, fuelling hotbeds of violence and creating new ones. The situation has also deteriorated in some peaceful settings, particularly those affected by economic slowdowns. A number of countries heavily dependent on commodity exports have suffered dramatically reduced export and fiscal revenues in recent years, which has affected both food availability through reduced import capacity and food access through reduced fiscal potential to protect poor households against rising domestic food prices. “

When was this stated?

A

SOFI 2017

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15
Q

The second sustainable development goals

A

for 2030

  • end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture” by 2030
  • a world without hunger and malnutrition
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16
Q

The second sustainable development goals has 8 targets for 2030 and these are

A

unites:

  • hunger,
  • food security,
  • nutrition and
  • sustainable agriculture under a single objective,
  • compelling the international community to move towards an understanding of how they are interrelated
  • promoting integrated policy approaches and actions.
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17
Q

For the first time, 2017’s report provides two measures of food insecurity.

A
  • FAO’s traditional indicator of the extent of hunger, the prevalence of undernourishment (PoU), is complemented by the prevalence of severe food insecurity, which is estimated based on data collected from adult individuals worldwide using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). The FIES is a new tool, based on direct interviews, to measure people’s ability to access food.
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18
Q

What is FIES?

A

Food Insecurity Experience Scale

The FIES-SM questions refer to the experiences of the individual respondent or of the respondent’s household as a whole. The questions focus on self-reported food-related behaviors and experiences associated with increasing difficulties in accessing food due to resource constraints.

During the last 12 months, was there a time when, because of lack of money or other resources:

  1. You were worried you would not have enough food to eat?
  2. You were unable to eat healthy and nutritious food?
  3. You ate only a few kinds of foods?
  4. You had to skip a meal?
  5. You ate less than you thought you should?
  6. Your household ran out of food?
  7. You were hungry but did not eat?
  8. You went without eating for a whole day?
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19
Q

SOFI 2017 report assesses the trends for six nutrition indicators, including three SDG 2 indicators of child malnutrition (______, _____ and _______). T

A

stunting
wasting
overweight

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20
Q

Despite significant population growth, the share of undernourished people in the world decreased from ___ percent in 2000 to ____ percent in 2013

A
  1. 7%

10. 8%

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21
Q

The absolute number of people in the world affected by chronic food deprivation began to rise in 2014 – going from ____ million people to ____ million in 2015 – and is now estimated to have increased further, to ___ million in 2016.

A

775

777

815

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22
Q

What did SOFI 2017 find about the comparison of men and women in the world?

A

women are slightly more likely to be food insecure than men in every region of the world

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23
Q

by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on _______

A

stunting and wasting in children under five years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons

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24
Q

What happens later in life if the children are stunted by the age of 2?

A
  • Children’s linear growth in the first five years of life is assessed by the stunting indicator.
  • Stunting is evidence that children are too short for their age, which in turn is a reflection of a chronic state of undernutrition.
  • When children are stunted before the age of two, they are at higher risk of illness and more likely than adequately nourished children to develop poor cognitive skills and learning abilities in later childhood and adolescence.
  • This will affect labour productivity, income-earning potential and social skills later in life, with consequences beyond the individual level.
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25
Q

Why is it important to assess trends in both relative and absolute terms?

A

SDG indicator measures the prevalence of stunting: owing to population growth, the number of stunted children can increase even as there is a decrease in the prevalence of stunting. Hence, it is important to assess trends in both relative and absolute terms

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26
Q

The prevalence of stunting is currently highest in ____

A
  • Eastern Africa,
  • Middle Africa,
  • Western Africa,
  • Southern Asia and
  • Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand),

where more than 30 percent of children under five are too short their age.

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27
Q

From 2005 to 2016, most regions achieved reductions in stunting, with the rate of improvement fastest in ______

A
  • Asia (particularly Eastern and Central Asia)
  • Latin America
  • the Caribbean.
28
Q

In Absolute terms, ____ is the only region where the number of stunted children has risen

A

Africa

29
Q

Among the key determinants of stunting are:

A
  • compromised maternal health and nutrition before and during pregnancy and lactation,
  • inadequate breastfeeding,
  • poor feeding practices for infants and young children, and
  • unhealthy environments for children,
  • including poor hygiene and sanitation.
30
Q

The internationally agreed global nutrition target is to reduce and maintain childhood wasting to below ____ percent by ____(year).

A

5

2025

31
Q

About 17 million children suffered from severe wasting. _____ stands out with a high prevalence of 15.4 percent – well above that of any other subregion. At 8.9 percent, ______ is also far off target. W

A

Southern Asia

South-Eastern Asia

32
Q

Why Focus on the nexus between the conflict, food security and nutrition?

A

Conflict and civil war are common denominators in all these cases, as they are in most other countries facing food crises. Moreover, FAO currently classifies 19 countries with a protracted crisis. All 19 countries are also currently affected by conflict and violence, which is typically compounded by adverse climatic events, such as prolonged droughts, that severely affect food production and livelihoods.

-people living in countries affected by conflict are more likely to be food insecure and undernourished.

33
Q

GIve examples of the 19 countries that are affected by conflict and violence

A 
South Sudan
Nigeria
Somalia
Yemen 
Syria
34
Q

Dimension of availability

A

we have better technology and knowledge and we are aware of the food waste but…1/3 of the food is wasted in European countries and in north America, people buy more than they need.

35
Q

Dimension of stability

A

we are struggling a lot on this one. We know how to approach but we have lots of difficulties to deal with it. There are endless wars so it is really hard to achieve stability. Environmental, social, economic instability. We are stuck with the numbers we have now and there is barely an improvement so the number of undernourished people are increasing

36
Q

Dimension of access

A

better require better income and better access to food now. Physical access is a challenge and we need to do something about it but there improving bc there is better distribution. Some countries are increasing their infrastructure. We might not be in agreement about how people are dealing with these problems. We know the importance of self maintenance like toilets, showers, etc.

37
Q

Global Hunger Index (4) - 2016 IFPRI

A
  1. Undernourishment: the proportion of undernourished people as a percentage of the population (reflecting the share of the population with insufficient caloric intake
  2. Child wasting: low weight for height. Acute undernutrition. Sudden episode of food insecurity and children start to loose weight very quickly
  3. child stunting: low height for age this reflects chronic undernutrition
  4. child mortality: reflecting the undernutrition and the food insecurity. This is the final level after wasting and stunting. 50% of the children death are due to undernutrition and then the rest is the infectious diseases.
38
Q

Undernourishment

A

the proportion of undernourished people as a percentage of the population (reflecting the share of the population with insufficient caloric intake

39
Q

Child wasting

A

low weight for height. Acute undernutrition. Sudden episode of food insecurity and children start to loose weight very quickly

40
Q

Child stunting

A

low height for age this reflects chronic undernutrition

41
Q

Child mortality

A

reflecting the undernutrition and the food insecurity. This is the final level after wasting and stunting. 50% of the children death are due to undernutrition and then the rest is the infectious diseases.

42
Q

The economist magazine is like a big

A

smoothie

doesn’t reflect or explain things properly:

  • Ireland surpassed the United States to become the most food secure country in the Index.
  • Brexit poses an extreme risk to the United Kingdom’s continued food security progress.
43
Q

The State of Food and Agriculture

A

2017

LEVERAGING FOODSYSTEMS FOR INCLUSIVERURAL TRANSFORMATION

44
Q

Key messages of The State of Food and Agriculture 2017

A
  • Economic growth in rural areas has helped millions escape poverty and, when supported by policies for social protection, infrastructure development and the promotion of local economies, will be critical for ending hunger by 2030.
  • For “late transforming” low-income countries, where industrialization is lagging, agro-industrial development and strengthened rural–urban linkages have large potential for improving livelihoods and contributing to the eradication of poverty.
  • Stronger links between rural areas and small cities and towns can lead to more dynamic growth of economic opportunities and reduce out-migration as a means of escaping poverty
45
Q

The Voices of the Hungry FAO

A

2016

Food Insecurity Experience Scale

46
Q

Household Food Security Conceptual Work

A

Anxiety and worry about UNCERTAINTY in the food supply —>
Budget restrictions affect the QUALITY of the food supply –>
Budget restrictions affect the QUANTITY of the food supply –>
Presence of HUNGER

o Mild: associated with obesity and chronic diseases if you add the marginal the numbers increase so it is a political issue that FAO is avoiding.
o Moderate: basic restriction. Experiencing skipping meals, eating less, and don’t have the budget
o Severe: includes all the facts for the others and also includes HUNGER

47
Q

What is the percentage of Food Insecure households in Canada?

A

12.7% of 43 million total population

48
Q

Single women with children vs single men with children

A

Single mom households show one of the highest food insecurity

49
Q

Food Security in the USA

A

o Last report 2016
o Food secure households are at 87.3%
o 40 million are food secure
o US is the first country who adopted this measure and they have been using this for a long time.
o Single mom households show one of the highest food insecurity
o Black vs white households

50
Q

Canada vs USA Food Security

A

o Canada has a much lower food insecurity level than the USA in 12 years ago
o By 2012 we increased to 8.3%
o Household Food Insecurity Canada 2013: we are the same as USA right now.
o The social network in Canada became detached.
o The political system and the food insecurity goes in hand in hand. Where does the money go?

51
Q

Food Security in Canada

A

o Marginal, moderate, severe
o The report shows the differences between the provinces.
o The numbers are increasing
o Allows to highlight people groups that are higher at risk.
o 1/6 children lives in a food insecure household
o 2014-Aboriginal Food Security in northern Canada was released. The measure allowed us to show the household food insecurity in Nunavut is 70%. They have the similar answers as the poor countries in terms of the voices of hunger.

52
Q

When was Aboriginal Food Security released and what did it state?

A

2014
- The measure allowed us to show the household food insecurity in Nunavut is 70%. They have the similar answers as the poor countries in terms of the voices of hunger.

53
Q

Food security in Canada from 2007 to 2012

A

7.7% –> 8.3%

54
Q

Household food insecurity in Canada

A

Marginal –> 4.1%
Moderate –> 5.7%
Severe –> 2.5%

total = 12.5%

55
Q

Household food insecurity affected ___ children in Canada

A

1/6

56
Q

Food Insecurity Among Aboriginal Preschoolers

A

70% - of Inuit preschoolers are in food insecure houses
31% - of Inuit preschoolers are moderately food insecure
25% - of Inuit preschoolers are severely food insecure
* 90% go hungry
* 76% skip meals
* 60% go a day without eating

57
Q

Determinants of Undernutrition

A

the dimension and the conceptual framework

  • UNICEF said 55% of the children death is due to undernutrition. It also represents an indirect cause for death. They cannot fight back the infectious diseases as well compared to well nourished children
  • Malnutrition term is used for the same meaning as undernutrition. Undernutrition can include obesity and eating too much but not good quality food so, malnutrition and undernutrition shouldn’t be considered equal.
58
Q

Undernutrition can have 3 classes of causes and these are

A
  • Underlying causes,
  • indirect causes,
  • basic causes
59
Q

How to solve undernutrition

A
  • in order to have an adequate diet, people should live in a food secure environment. If we want to do something about inadequate diets in populations and children, then we need to address food security. Practices of hygiene, social support for cognitive and physical development
  • Clean water, sanitation and all the services we need in order to stay healthy.
60
Q

Medicalization of undernutrition

A

• there are other approaches to deal with undernutrition, supplements, etc. medical approaches are not ling term approaches and to have a long term sustainable medicalization we need to look at all those underlying causes.

61
Q

Determiant of Food Insecurity Australian Children

A
  • Availability in outlets*
  • Price*
  • Promotion
  • Quality*
  • Location of Food outlets
  • Variety*
  • Time
  • Cooking and food preparation facilities*
  • Storage Facilities
  • Children’s food preferences*
  • Nutrition knowledge and cooking skills*
  • Distance
  • Mobility
  • Transport*
  • Financial resources*
  • Social support*
62
Q

Determinants of Health

A
  • General socioeconomic cultural and enironmental conditions
  • social and community networks (agriculture and food production, education, work environment, unemployment, water and sanitation, healthcare services and housing)
  • individual life-style factors (age, sex, and constitutional factors)
63
Q

Climate change and food security

A
  • Food Availability
    • Flood and drought
    • natural disasters
    • more pests
  • Food Access
    • lower agricultural outputs mean lower incomes
    • increase in food prices
    • lower physical access
  • Food Utilization
    • lower food quality
    • low access to clean water
    • increased vulnerability to diseases
  • Food Stability
    • unpredictable weather conditions
    • damaged infrastructure
    • increasing economic challenges
64
Q

Climate change impacts by 2050

A

♣ 8% decrease in Africa
♣ 40% decrease in fishing in Tropics
♣ Fisheries are increasing in the countries with high altitudes.
♣ Some traditional foods might not be available anymore due to climate change in North
♣ Sea levels rise and melting glaciers.

65
Q

Growing Land and Water Constraints by 2050

A

♣ Water stress by 2050
♣ Land degradation,
♣ Cereal production at risk
♣ Desertification
♣ Annual loss of per capita arable land in developing countries
♣ Water stress, percent of total renewable water withdrawn.

66
Q

Agriculture – Related Risks by 2050

A

• Emerging economies: “Hot Spots” for food born diseases

• Urbanization
o More demand for risky foods etc. animal source foods
o Bigger markets; longer, complex food chains
o Rapidly intensifying agriculture
o Food safety becomes a big issue

• Low Levels of Biosecurity
o Reliance on veterinary drugs to mask poor husbandry
o Unsanitary slaughter, processing retail facilities esp. South and SE Asia

•	High-Risk of Pathogens
o	Farms close to industrial pollution 
o	Use of gray water
o	Poor livestock waste management 
o	Farms, wet markets = high levels of contaminants

• Lagging governance systems
o Lack of traceability
o Poorly regulated intensification more demand for imported and processed foods.

67
Q

Persistent Conflicts 2050

A

food insecurity and lack of nutrition are cause and consequence of conflict

% hunger and undernutrition increasingly concentrated on conflict affected countries

climate change, epidemics, and food price spikes increase risk of civil conflict

Global Food Security (6 decks)

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