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Issues in Env. Science > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Weather

A

Present conditions of the atmosphere over periods of up to 2 weeks

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2
Q

Climate

A

Average conditions of all environmental components (temp, rainfall, pressure, particle counts) over a time of usually 30 years

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3
Q

Low change (climate)

A

Proximity to oceans, altitude, proportion of land to water

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4
Q

Dynamic change (climate)

A

Ocean currents, density and type of vegetation coverage, changes in quantity of greenhouse gas

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5
Q

Climate change

A

rise in surface temps, drought, shift in ocean and wind currents

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6
Q

Global Warming

A

ongoing rise in mean surface temps across Earth

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7
Q

Prehistoric Climate Change caused by…

A

movement of continents, wobbles in Earth’s orbit, Volcanism, changes in solar energy output, asteroid impact, dinosaur gas

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8
Q

Previous climate changes

A

Snowball Earth (700 mya)
Cretaceous period (100 mya)
PETM (55 mya)
Pliocene (3 mya)

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9
Q

Glacial cycles

A

Driven by changes in Earth’s orbit, reinforced by greenhouse gases, positive feedback loop of more cooling

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10
Q

Last major ice age

A

Quaternary period (20,000 ya)

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11
Q

Present interglacial period

A

Holocene epoch

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12
Q

How are water temps measured?

A

ships in remote areas w/ drifting floats that measure, record and report to satellites directly

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13
Q

Proxy records

A

tree rings - more dense = cool season

Corals - skeletons made from extracts and precipitates of seawater

Clam shells - analyzed for chemical composition, oxygen isotopes present in the water

Pollen - preserved in lakes/bogs, changes in pollen shows changes in plants due to CC

Fossilized Vegetation and Insects - changes in type, distribution and coverage of vegetation
Milder changes = improved plant growth
Large changes = rapid loss, vegetation stress, desertification

Rock Hyrax Urine - stay in one place for generations, evident of climate events of last ice age

Ice Cores - Temp, ocean volume, gas comp., volcanic eruptions

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14
Q

Volcanic activity affecting climate change

A

Large eruptions cause ash to block incoming radiation, leading to worldwide temporary cooling

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15
Q

Temperature anomalies

A

Temperature change over time more important than absolute temp., show how temps have changed relative to common base period

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16
Q

Arctic Circle

A

Includes Article ocean, Greenland, Baffin Islands, Parts of Europe, Russia, Alaska, Canada, Iceland, Finland

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17
Q

Sea Ice

A

Different than icebergs, made of fast ice and drift ice

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18
Q

Sea Ice retreat

A

Less “old” ice-more vulnerable to melting, loss of sea ice doesn’t result in significant sea level rise

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19
Q

Loss of Ringed Seals

A

adapted to living on stable article sea ice, create breathing holes.
Warming causes loss of sea ice, collapse of lairs=exposure to predators

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20
Q

Loss of sea-ice Polar Bears

A

Malnutrition, lower cub survival, cannibalism

21
Q

Loss of sea ice Walruses

A

use ice to rest between dives, triggered increase in trampling deaths, shifted depth of hunting areas

22
Q

Glaciers

A

Perennial mass of ice which moves on land

23
Q

Glacier movement

A

due to pressure of own weight, retreat caused by increase in temps, evaporation

24
Q

Continental glaciers

A

massive, thick ice sheets found at poles, cover entire surface beneath them

25
Q

Alpine glaciers

A

Form on mountain slopes, valleys, cap mountains when snow piles up, turns into glacial ice - US, Switzerland, Norway
CC indicator: smaller, less stable

26
Q

Terminal moraine

A

Melting zone of alpine glaciers

27
Q

Glacier, ice cap retreat impacts

A
  • seasonal meltwater important for water supplies

- more freshwater entering North Atlantic- may slow conveyor, leading to regional cooling

28
Q

Rain on Snow Events

A

Warmer temps-more rain than snow, alternating freeze/thaw cycles. Creates crust.

29
Q

Precipitation changes-reindeer

A
  • Rain on top of snow creates crust=must use more energy to find food
  • breaking through ice during migrations
  • increased insects-decreased fitness
  • changes in plant composition
30
Q

Permafrost

A

Occur in soil where max annual below freezing for 2 or more years in shallow coastal sea bed

31
Q

Loss of Permafrost

A

Frozen soil-like rock disintegrates when ice is removed, thawing creates cavities/depressions, long-term water drains from surface of soil, leading to drier conditions, increase in landslides, rock falls, erosion

32
Q

Drunken forests

A

Ice normally stabilizes ground, trees grow on thin layer of soil over permafrost, when permafrost removed, shallow root bed undermined

33
Q

Animals affected by permafrost loss

A

Lemmings - collapse of foraging spaces

Birds/Mammals dependent on forests

34
Q

Effect of permafrost loss on humans

A

Infrastructure - shifting soil

Ice roads-built seasonally but more stable when ground is frozen

35
Q

Greening of Arctic earlier

A

Disrupts local populations because of change in composition of plant communities, peak vegetation coming earlier before calving season of caribou

36
Q

Marginal ice zones

A

Where drifting pack ice meets open water, nutrients build up under ice in water, exposure to light =increased primary productivity

37
Q

Primary consumers of Sea Ecosystems

A

Zooplankton - eats smaller particles, photo plankton, smaller zooplankton, detritus

Copepods

Krill, which whales feel on

38
Q

Secondary Consumers of Sea Ecosystems

A

arctic cod, char, jellyfish

Some have antifreeze compounds in blood

39
Q

Top Predators of Sea Ecosystems

A

Arctic whales - beluga, narwhal, polar bear, walrus, seabirds

40
Q

Detritus

A

Old ice algae, dead organisms, fecal pellets, suspended in water gradually settles to sea floor - eaten by seals, walruses, gray whales, ducks

41
Q

One of the largest migrations of any mammal annually

A

Gray whales migrate 10,000 mi to feed on crustaceans living on sea floor Coastal CA to Bering Sea

42
Q

Ozone depletion

A

Hole grows each year-Largest in Sept.

  • Might have dominant role in recent climate change in this area
  • prevents outflow of cold air near south pole
43
Q

Does loss of sea ice result in significant sea level rise?

A

No, they are typically made of drift ice and are not as dense as glaciers

44
Q

T or F: The present warming we are seeing is higher than ever seen in the geologic record of the Earth’s history

A

False

45
Q

If the global mean temp measurement for the year 2015 was 68 deg F, and the avg. global mean temperature measurement from the base period of 1950-1980 was 70 deg F, what would be the temperature anomaly for the year 2015.

A

-2 degrees F

46
Q

The Article circle is located above what latitude

A

66 deg N

47
Q

Of the ways to measure the temperature of the Earth, which has the longest record

A

Air temperature

48
Q

T or F: The scientific study of climate change and the effects of CO2 emissions on the Earth began in the 1950s

A

False

Issues in Env. Science (8 decks)

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