Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Services provided by marine ecosystems

A

Temperature moderation, nutrient cycling, habitat, commercial fishing, storm protection, water purification, medicine, CO2 absorption

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2
Q

Photic Zone

A

Area where sunlight reaches, upper 200M of ocean, most productivity occurs here

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3
Q

Pelagic Zone

A

Open water, Epipelagic Zone = where sunlight reaches, 90% of ocean life, low nutrients

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4
Q

Benthic Zone

A

Ocean floor - starfish, mollusks, sponges

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5
Q

Mesopelagic (Twilight) Zone

A

low temps, increased water pressures, species have thin bodies, bioluminescence, go to epipelagic layer at night

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6
Q

Bathypelagic (Midnight) Zone

A

No primary production, 1% of animals live here, fish have slim, weak bodies, bioluminescence, slow metabolic rates, may not have eyes

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7
Q

Abyssal

A

Unique organisms adapted to lack of light live here. Very cold, few nutrients, high pressures

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8
Q

Hadal

A

Deepest part of marine environment

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9
Q

Threats to Marine Ecosystems

A

Overfishing, Pollution, Climate Change, Habitat Loss, Invasive Species, Sedimentation

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10
Q

Bottom Trawling

A

Large nets are dragged behind trawler ships. Destroy sea floor habitats for coral, sponges, starfish, etc. As a result, smaller species have become more dominant

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11
Q

“Fishing down the food chain”

A

Apex predators like cod or tuna are overfished, leaving lower-trophic level species to overpopulate and compete with the young of more desirable species

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12
Q

“dead zone” or hypoxic area

A

Area where organisms cannot survive

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13
Q

Euthrophication

A

Nutrient pollution - fertilizers wash into water, algae flourishes too much, blocks sunlight from other plants

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14
Q

Food chains vs. Food webs

A

Sequence of organisms that feed off each other and acquire energy and organic molecules

A linked set of food chains that show the connections within a community

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15
Q

Approx. how much energy is passed to each Trophic level? Where does the rest go?

A

10%. Most energy is lost as heat.

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16
Q

Primary Consumers

A

Herbivores. Eat Primary Producers

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17
Q

Secondary Consumers

A

Eat Primary Consumers

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18
Q

Detritovores

A

Organisms that feed on dead plants and animals: Crabs, Worms, Insects

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19
Q

Decomposers

A

Organisms that break down material into inorganic components: bacteria, fungi

20
Q

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

A

The total amount of solar energy that producers capture via photosynthesis

21
Q

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

A

The energy captured from the sun minus the energy respired by producers

22
Q

Ecosystem Richness

A

Variety of Species

23
Q

Ecosystem Evenness

A

Relative abundance of each species

24
Q

Edge Species

A

Before habitats with forest and field edges

25
Core Species
Prefer inner areas of forests
26
Ecotones
When two distinctive ecosystems meet. Creates edge effects that attract or repel species
27
Competition for Limited Resources: 3 Major Ecological Problems
- Space to live - Acquiring Resources - Avoiding Predation
28
Intraspecific Competition
among members of a species
29
Interspecific Competition
among members of different species
30
Law of Competitive Exclusion
No two species will occupy the same niche and compete for the same resources in the same habitat for very long
31
Commensalism
One member benefits while the other is unaffected.
32
Mutualism
Both members benefit
33
Parasitism
One member benefits, the other is harmed
34
Intrasexual Competition
Male competing with other males for mates (sometimes female v. female)
35
Predator
Any organism that feeds off another organism
36
How are predators and prey adapted to each other?
Predators: Intelligent, highly alert, fast, muscles, binocular vision Prey: swift escape, can detect predators, plants have thorns/defensive chemicals
37
Incisors
Front teeth, edges good for cutting
38
Canines
Conical, pointed, good for gripping and tearing
39
Premolars
Pointed, good for gripping and tearing
40
Carnassials
Present in carnivores. Top molar, bottom premolar. Cutting blade, bone crushing tooth
41
Molars
May be flat or serrated, for grinding or crushing
42
Indicator species of the everglades
Wood Stork
43
Keystone species of the everglades
Alligator
44
Keystone species of Chesapeake Bay
Oyster
45
What is the primary reason codfish populations of NA collapsed since the late 1960s
Overfishing
46
What is the primary type of pollutant found in the great garbage patches of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean
Plastic