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Microbiology > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

produced when a person has and recovers from a disease

A

naturally acquired active immunity

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2
Q

when a person is vaccinated, they have this

A

artificially acquired active immunity

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3
Q

when antibodies are passed from mother to offspring via the placenta or breast milk

A

naturally acquired passive immunity

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4
Q

when antibodies are given to a person, for example, antibiotics

A

artificially acquired passive immunity

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of T cell progeny?

A

helper, regulatory, cytotoxic, memory

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6
Q

3 functions of helper T cells

A

they activate macrophages, B cells, and cytotoxic T cells

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7
Q

cytotoxic T cells lead to the destruction of

A

virus infected cells and cancer cells

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8
Q

cytotoxic T cells has which co-receptor and binds to which complex?

A

CD8 and binds to MHC I

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9
Q

helper T cells has which co-receptor and binds to which complex?

A

CD4 and binds to MHC II

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10
Q

2 types of progeny of B cells

A

plasma cells and memory cells

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11
Q

what cells release antibodies into the tissues and blood?

A

plasma cells

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12
Q

What cells are responsible for activating T helper cells?

A

APC

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13
Q

What cells are responsible for activating T cytotoxic cells?

A

T helper cells

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14
Q

what are the antigen presenting cells?

A

B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells

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15
Q

these cells internalize and process antigens, presenting MHC II receptors that activate T helper cells

A

APC

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16
Q

Which cells express MHC I?

A

all nucleated cells have this complex. When infected with a virus, a cell will process it and send it to the MHC I.

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17
Q

what happens during the first encounter with an allergen (antigen)?

A

body becomes sensitized (forms antibodies); no visible signs are noticed

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18
Q

what happens during the second encounter with an allergen (antigen)?

A

the antibodies on mast cells and basophils cause an allergic reaction, histamine is released

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19
Q

what is the role of histamine in an allergic response?

A

permeability and vasodilation of blood capillaries and bronchial constriction (labored breathing)

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20
Q

Blood type A can receive blood from

A

O and A

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21
Q

Blood type B can receive blood from

A

O and B

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22
Q

Blood type AB can receive blood from

A

universal recipient

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23
Q

Blood type O can receive blood from

A

O

24
Q

autoimmune type II disorder in which antibodies attach to the thyroid gland resulting in increased amounts of thyroid hormones. Symptoms include: goiter, bulging and staring eyes

A

Graves Disease

25
Q

autoimmune type II disorder in which muscle tone becomes progressively weaker and is caused by antibodies covering the acetylcholine receptors at the neurotransmitter site

A

Myasthenia Gravis

26
Q

Autoimmune type II reactions are caused by

A

antibodies blocking the body processes

27
Q

Autoimmune type III reactions are caused by

A

immune complexes are left circulating in the blood plasma and get deposited to cause inflammation

28
Q

Autoimmune type III disorder that causes deposits in the joints leading to severe damage of the cartilage and bone at the joint

A

rheumatoid arthritis

29
Q

autoimmune type III disorder affecting mainly women causes deposits in kidneys and digestive system and production of antibodies against self cells.

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

30
Q

What causes primary immunodeficiencies?

A

they are present at birth

31
Q

What causes secondary immunodeficiencies?

A

infectious agents, malignancies, or immunosuppressants

32
Q

primary immunodeficiency where there is an absence or immaturity of the thymus gland resulting in sever T cell deficiency

A

DiGeorge syndrome

33
Q

primary immunodeficiency where there is a disfunction in both B and T lymphocyte systems

A

Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDS)

34
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency that targets and damages T helper cells which have CD4 molecules on their surface

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

35
Q

Type 1 or Atopic allergic reactions can include depending on the route of entry:

A 
Upper Respiratory (itchy eyes, sneezing, nasal congestion)
Lower Respiratory (asthma like symptoms)
GI tract (food allergies, upset stomach, cramping)
36
Q

Sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal within minutes

A

system anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock)

37
Q

anaphylactic shock is more dramatic because

A

it often involves an antigen that causes a release of mediators in the blood which act on target organs

38
Q

anaphylactic shock can be countered with

A

epinephrine (adrenaline)

39
Q

bee stings, jellyfish stings, seafood, antibiotics are example of

A

agents that can cause systemic reactions

40
Q

pathogenesis of the HIV virus

A

targets and damages CD4 T helper cells which will no longer be able to activate Macrophages, B cells, and cytotoxic T cells. Macrophages consume virus and are destroyed also.

41
Q

what causes chicken pox and shingles?

A

Varicella-zoster Virus

42
Q

Describe chicken pox

A

small irregular, rose colored skin lesions appear in the scalp and trunk and spread to the face and limbs

43
Q

where does shingles appear?

A

along nerve paths on the skin, across abdominal areas

44
Q

in what age group does shingles occur?

A

45 and up

45
Q

in what age group does chicken pox occur?

A

primarily in children

46
Q

how does shingles develop?

A

after chicken pox, VZV becomes latent in the central nerve ganglion. Activated when immunity drops, moving down the nerves

47
Q

how is the Varicella-zoster Virus spread?

A

direct contact and respiratory secretions

48
Q

infection of the conjunctiva, highly contagious

A

conjunctivitis

49
Q

serious eye infection can be caused by many microorganisms but is most commonly caused by herpes simplex virus

A

keratitis

50
Q

Serious, highly contagious, rash disease caused by the Rubeola virus characterized by a red, raised, rash

A

Measles

51
Q

milder rash disease characterized by a pink, flat, rash that may go undetected

A

Rubella

52
Q

result from papilloma virus that stimulates skin cells to undergo mitosis abnormally fast which results in benign growth

A

warts

53
Q

treatment for warts

A

acids, cryotherapy, electrodesication

54
Q

what causes scalded skin syndrome and what is it?

A

Staphylococcus aureus; skin peels of in leaf like sheets

55
Q

what causes Pseudomonas dermatitis and what is it?

A

Pseudomonas species; rash that occurs for about 2 weeks

56
Q

what causes impetigo and what is it?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes; isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture

57
Q

what causes otitis externa and what is it?

A

Pseudomonas species; infection of the external auditory meatus

Microbiology (7 decks)

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