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Microbiology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Disproved spontaneous generation. Germ theory of disease. Swan necked flask that trapped the microorganisms and kept the contents sterile.

A

Louis Pasteur

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2
Q

Father of microbiology, created microscopes, found animalcules.

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Carbolic acid to reduce wound infection, aseptic surgery techniques

A

Joseph Lister

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4
Q

first immunization for smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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5
Q

Robert Koch

A

Koch’s postulates: whether an organism was pathogenic and what disease it caused

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6
Q

founder of chemotherapy to kill bacteria

A

Paul Ehrlich

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7
Q

discovered Penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

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8
Q

Two name system; genus + epithet = species

A

binomial nomenclature

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9
Q

How is binomial nomenclature written?

A

italics with first name capitalized

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10
Q

What are the five classes of microorganisms

A

protozoa, fungi, algae, bacteria, virus

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11
Q

Staphylo looks like

A

a cluster

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12
Q

Coccus looks like

A

round ball

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13
Q

Strepto looks like

A

chain

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14
Q

bacillus looks like

A

rod shaped

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15
Q

spirillum looks like

A

spiral

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16
Q

vibrio looks like

A

boomerang

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17
Q

spirochete looks like

A

corkscrew

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18
Q

pleomorphic can change

A

shapes

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19
Q

The five I’s of microbiology

A

inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification

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20
Q

the process of introducing a culture into a medium

A

inoculation

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21
Q

placing a container fo medium in a temperature controlled chamber to encourage multiplication

A

incubation

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22
Q

using methods to separate colonies of microorganisms

A

isolation

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23
Q

using shape and size to identify microorganisms

A

inspection and identification

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24
Q

makes use of a single dye and reveals basic cell shapes and cell arrangements

A

simple stains

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25
Q

makes use of 2 or more dyes and distinguishes between 2 kinds of organisms or between 2 different parts of an organism

A

differential stain

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26
Q

This lens forms the initial image of the specimen ________.

A

Objective lens, real image

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27
Q

this lens forms the ________ which is the magnified image the is received by the retina and perceived by the human brain.

A

Ocular, virtual

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28
Q

Pathway of light through through a microscope

A

light source, illuminator, condenser, specimen, objective lens, ocular lens

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29
Q

the ability to see 2 items as separate and discrete units rather than fuzzy

A

resolution

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30
Q

refers to the degree of which something stands out from its surroundings

A

contrast

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31
Q

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (3)

A

(1) DNA packaging: pro- no nucleus, euks have a neuc; (2) makeup of cell wall: pro- have sturdy walls made of peptidoglycan, euks don’t (3) internal structures: euks have membrane organelles, pro don’t

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32
Q

4 things about a Gram positive cell

A

Thick peptidoglycan layer, stains purple, contains teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid, no outer cell membrane

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33
Q

4 things about a Gram negative cell

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer, stains pink, contains lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides, has an outer cell membrane

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34
Q

be able to label a prokaryotic cell

A

nucleiod, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, outer cell membrane (gram neg); see photo

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35
Q

2 types of glycocalyx that a cell can have

A

slime layer, capsule that can prevent phagocytosis

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36
Q

Fungal disease (mycosis) that affects keratinized tissue in skin, hair, and nails

A

superficial

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37
Q

Fungal disease (mycosis) that affects skin layer beneath keratinized tissues to the lymph vessels: mucous membranes, yeast infection

A

subcutaneous

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38
Q

Fungal disease (mycosis) that affects internal organs

A

systemic

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39
Q

Fungal disease (mycosis) that affects a host that is already weakened

A

opportunistic

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40
Q

protozoa containing cilia; has a mouth like opening called a cytostome where nutrients are pulled into the cells by cilia creating an inward current

A

Stentor

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41
Q

Causes amoebic dysentery, intestinal, eats red blood cells

A

Entamoeba hystolytica

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42
Q

Have a smiley face appearance, found in the small intestines
excreted in the feces as cysts to survive until ingested again
absorb nutrients by diffusion

A

Giardia Lamblia (protozoa)

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43
Q

Can infect the vagina in females and the urinary tract in males, transmitted by toilet facilities and towels, does not form into a cyst

A

trichomonas vaginalis (protozoa)

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44
Q

viral replication process

A

Adsorption on to cell wall, penetration of cell and DNA is deposited, synthesis of DNA and viral parts, maturation of virus by assembly, release by lysis of cell

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45
Q

long filaments of cells

A

hyphae

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46
Q

“crosswalls” dividing hyphae into distinct cell units

A

septae

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47
Q

Be able to label all parts of a virus and know their function.

A

nucleic acid: carries the genetic material
capsid: shape, protection, composed of capsomeres
spikes (glycoproteins): attach to receptors on host
envelope: usually from host; could disguise it

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48
Q

difference in viral replication between animal viruses and bacteriophages

A

animal viruses enter cells and uncoat. Bacteriophages just the DNA goes into the cell

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49
Q

consists of a ribbon like protein that forms a spiral around the nucleic acid

A

helical capsid

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50
Q

many sided virus

A

polyhedral

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51
Q

icosahedral viruses have ___ triangular faces

A

20

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52
Q

viruses made of multiple shapes

A

complex

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53
Q

What is hypertonic mean?

A

high concentration of solution outside the cell, causes cell to shrink

54
Q

What is hypotonic mean?

A

low concentration of solution outside the cell, causes cell to explode

55
Q

What is isotonic mean?

A

the same concentration inside and outside of a cell

56
Q

use oxygen when available, but can function without it

A

facultative anaerobes

57
Q

use small amounts of O2

A

microaerophilic

58
Q

organisms that do not use oxygen

A

anaerobes

59
Q

organisms that do use oxygen

A

aerobes

60
Q

In aerobic organisms, the superoxide ion is converted to _____ and _____ by the action of an enzyme called ________.

A

hydrogen peroxide and oxygen; superoxide dismutase

61
Q

In aerobic organisms, hydrogen peroxide is degraded into _____ and _____ by the enzyme __________.

A

water and oxygen; catalase

62
Q

how do you calculate the number of colony forming units?

A

number of colonies times the dilution factor

63
Q

3 part molecule consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine) linked to a 5 carbon sugar (ribose) and a chain of 3 phosphate groups bonded to the ribose

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

64
Q

The _____ _____ account for the energetic quality of ATP, because removal of the terminal ones releases free energy

A

phosphate bonds

65
Q

_____ are a special category of proteins that act as catalysts

A

enzymes

66
Q

What do enzymes do so that reactions can occur at mild temps in living cells?

A

lower the activation energy

67
Q

bacterial cell duplicates its own components and divides into two cells

A

binary fission

68
Q

Metabolizes glucose into pyruvic acid

A

glycolysis

69
Q

What products does glycolysis generate?

A

2 pyruvic acid, 2 NAD, and 4 ATP

70
Q

Purpose of fermentation

A

occurs in the absence of O2, recycles NADH back to NAD to be reused in glycolysis

71
Q

kills all vegetative cells and endospores

A

sterilization

72
Q

kills all vegetative cells except endospores

A

disinfection

73
Q

lowers microbial content to the point they don’t cause infection

A

decontamination

74
Q

reduces the number of microbes on human skin

A

antisepsis

75
Q

elevated temperatures are _______ which kill bacteria

A

bactericidal

76
Q

lower temperatures are ______ which slow growth

A

bacteriostatic

77
Q

kinds of moist heat

A

hot water, steam, autoclave, pasteurization (not sterilizing)

78
Q

kinds of dry heat

A

hot air: Bunsen burner, oven, loop incinerator

79
Q

disadvantage of filtration

A

viruses and bacterial toxins can still pass through

80
Q

How do phenols (carbolic acid) work on microbial cells?

A

target and destroy the cell membrane

81
Q

occurs due to taking broad spectrum antibiotic. Kills healthy bacteria as well as targeted bacteria allowing overgrowth of bacteria

A

super infection

82
Q

successfully eliminates the pathogenic organism if the dosage level is maintained over a period of time

A

therapeutic dosage level

83
Q

dose is harmful to host

A

toxic dosage level

84
Q

max tolerable dose per kg of body weight divided by min dose per kg of body weight that will cure the disease

A

chemotherapeutic index

85
Q

drug that exerts its antimicrobial effects on the cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan)

A

penicillin

86
Q

drug that exerts its antimicrobial effects on the cell membrane, especially gram negative bacteria

A

polymyxin

87
Q

drug that exerts its antimicrobial effects on protein synthesis on the 30s subunit specifically

A

streptomycin

88
Q

drug that exerts its antimicrobial effects on protein synthesis on the 50s subunit specifically

A

erythromycin

89
Q

drug that exerts its antimicrobial effects on nucleic acid synthesis (RNA)

A

rifamycin

90
Q

drug that exerts its antimicrobial effects on metabolic activity

A

sulfa drugs

91
Q

naked DNA is picked up from a solution and inserted into the bacterial genome

A

transformation

92
Q

DNA is carried by a bacteriophage

A

transduction

93
Q

genetic info is passed directly from bacteria to bacteria via pilli

A

conjugation

94
Q

3 ways to limit antibiotic resistance

A

taking the entire course as prescribed, only take when necessary, minimize export

95
Q

an organisms potential to cause disease

A

pathogenicity

96
Q

the severity of the disease caused by the microbe

A

virulence

97
Q

toxic enzyme produced by Gram + bacteria and secreted into host tissue

A

exotoxins

98
Q

Lipopolysaccharides that are part of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria are released when the cell dies or divides. this is an example of what?

A

endotoxins

99
Q

exotoxins that lyse red blood cells

A

hemolysins

100
Q

exotoxins that damage white blood cells especially neutrophils and macrophages

A

leukocidins

101
Q

exotoxins that act on tissues of the nervous system to prevent muscle contraction or relaxation

A

neurotoxins

102
Q

exotoxins that act on tissues of the gut

A

enterotoxins

103
Q

5 stages of infectious disease

A

incubation, prodromal, invasive, decline, convalescence

104
Q

Stage of infectious disease between infection and appearance of signs and symptoms

A

incubation period

105
Q

Stage of infectious disease that is the short period during which nonspecific, often mild, symptoms occur

A

prodromal phase

106
Q

Stage of infectious disease during which the individual experiences signs and symptoms

A

invasive phase

107
Q

Stage of infectious disease during which host defenses overcome the pathogen

A

decline phase

108
Q

Stage of infectious disease in which tissues are repaired and healing takes place, yet host is still contagious

A

convalescence period

109
Q

the number of new cases contracted within a set population during a specific period of time

A

incidence rate

110
Q

the total number of people infected within a population at any given time

A

prevalence

111
Q

total number of individuals affected by a disease during a set period in relation to the total number in the population

A

morbidity rate

112
Q

number of deaths due to a disease

A

mortality rate

113
Q

present continually in the population, low number of cases and low severity. Not a health concern

A

endemic

114
Q

arises when a disease suddenly has higher than normal incidence; public health concern

A

epidemic

115
Q

an epidemic that spreads worldwide

A

pandemic

116
Q

What is the real image?

A

The initial image of a specimen

117
Q

This microorganism will use oxygen if it is available but can function without it.

A

What is a facultative anaerobe?

118
Q

A pressure chamber used to sterilize equipment and supplies

A

Autoclave

119
Q

The entry of virons into a host cell

A

Penetration

120
Q

The superoxide ion is first converted to hydrogen peroxide and normal oxygen by the action of this enzyme

A

Superoxide dismutase

121
Q

A chemical antimicrobial that was first used by Joseph Lister to destroy cell membranes

A

Phenol

122
Q

Mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors

A

Oncoviruses

123
Q

A eukaryotic cell has this in its cell membrane which functions much like the peptidoglycan of prokaryotic cell walls

A

Sterols

124
Q

A sequence of reactions in which acetyl groups are oxidized to carbon dioxide

A

Kreb cycle

125
Q

Dosage level that successfully eliminates the pathogenic organism if the level is maintained over a period of time

A

Therapeutic dosage level

126
Q

The causative agent of both chicken pox and shingles

A

Varicella Zoster Virus

127
Q

The total number of reduced NADH coenzymes generated during glycolysis

A

2

128
Q

Act as detergents and distort bacterial cell membranes by binding to phospholipids in the membrane

A

Polymyxins

129
Q

The difference between animal and bacteriophage replication cycles

A

In coating

130
Q

Substances that remain unchanged while they speed up reactions

A

Enzymes

131
Q

Capable of breaking the B-lactam ring in penicillin

A

B-lactamases

132
Q

Consists of a ribbon like protein that forms a spiral around the nucleic acid

A

Helical capsid

Microbiology (7 decks)

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