Quiz #4 Flashcards
Over 100 different types of cancer
- Most of them are very strongly associated with _ use and/or _
- tobacco
- physical inactivity
Cancer:
- Globally, 13 million new cases/yr
- In 2015, 1.63 million new cases in the U.S. (600,000 death)
- _ leading cause of death in the U.S.
2nd
2/3 of all cancer patients live for ≥ _
- Over 13 million Americans who are living with cancer as a major chronic condition
5 yr
_ of all Americans will be diagnosed with cancer during lifetime
40%
Top 10 Cancers by Rates of New Cases
- Female Breast
- Prostate
- Lung & Bronchus
- Colon & Rectum
- Corpus & Uterus
- Melanomas of the skin
- Urinary Bladder
- Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Kidney & Renal Pelvis
- Thyroid
Top 10 Cancers by Rates of Canter Deaths
- Lung & Bronchus
- Female Breast
- Prostate
- Colon & Rectum
- Pancreas
- Ovary
- Liver & Intrahepatic Bile Duct
- Leukemias
- Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Corpus & Uterus
Cancer - Basic Pathophysiology:
- Body’s normal _ stops working
control mechanism
Cancer - Basic Pathophysiology:
- Cells grow out of control forming new, _ cells
abnormal
Cancer - Basic Pathophysiology:
- Uncontrollably abnormal cells destroy normal body tissue, then become a _
tumor
Cancer - Basic Pathophysiology:
- Tumors
– not invade neighboring tissues or spread to distant sites;
– When removed, usually do not grow back;
– not cancer but not 100% safe
Benign
(Not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
Benign Tumor
Cancer - Basic Pathophysiology:
- Tumors
– invade and spread fast;
– Cancerous
Malignant
(cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels and metastasize to different sites
Malignant Tumor
Malignant means _ in Latin
“badly born”
Cancer - Risk Factors:
- _ use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths
Tobacco
Cancer - Risk Factors:
- Another 10% is due to _, _, _, and _
- physical inactivity,
- obesity,
- poor diet, and
- drinking alcohol
Cancer - Risk Factors:
- Approx. 5–10% of cancers are due to _
inherited genetic defects from a person’s parents
Cancer - Risk Factors:
- Other factors include certain _, _, and _
- infections,
- exposure to radiation, and
- environmental pollutants
10 Cancer prevention Recommendations
- Be a healthy weight
- Be physically active
- Eat a diet rich in whole grains, vegetables, fruit and beans
- Limit consumption of ‘fast foods’ and other processed foods high in fat, starches or sugars
- Limit consumption of red and processed meat
- Limit consumption of sugar sweetened drinks
- Limit alcohol consumption
- Do not use supplements for cancer prevention
- For mothers, breastfeed baby if you can
- After a cancer diagnosis follow WCRF/AICR recommendations if you can
A cancer that forms in the cells of the breast
Breast Cancer
- Breast lump or thickening
- Change in size, shape, skin
- Change in nipple
Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer ages affected
Most 41-60 & 60+
Breast Cancer gender affected
Most in females
Researchers have identified hormonal, lifestyle and environmental factors that may increase risk of _
- But it’s not clear why some people who have no risk factors develop cancer, yet other people with risk factors never do
- It’s likely that _ is caused by a complex interaction of genetic makeup and environment
breast cancer
_ most often begins with cells in the ducts that produce and carry milk to the nipple
Breast cancer
A cancer in a man’s prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland that produces seminal fluid
Prostate cancer
The exact causes of _ are unknown
- Most grow slowly
Prostate cancer
Prostate Cancer:
All men are at risk: About1man in _ will be diagnosed in lifetime, only1 manin 39 will die
7
About 80% of men who reach age 80 yrs have _ cells in their prostates
prostate cancer
A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in people who smoke
Lung Cancer
Smoking causes the majority of _ cancers: both in smokers and in people exposed to secondhand or third-hand smoke
lung
At first body may be able to repair this damage
- But with each repeated exposure, normal cells that line lungs are increasingly damaged
- Over time, _ cancer may develop
lung
But lung cancer also occurs in people who never smoked and in those who never had exposure to secondhand smoke
- In these cases, there may be no clear _ of lung cancer
cause
Cancer - effect of Ex Training:
- Ex has benefits for those who are undergoing treatment and those who have completed treatment
- HRFP
- Physical functioning
- Motivation
- sleep
Cancer - effect of Ex Training:
- MVPA prevents reoccurrence and death from _ cancers
breast and colon
Cancer - effect of Ex Training:
- Ex has benefits for older cancer _ who have chronic conditions
survivors
Cancer - effect of Ex Training:
- Ex has benefits for older cancer survivors who have chronic conditions
– Prostate cancer survivor are more likely to die of _ than their cancer
CVD
Cancer - effect of Ex Training:
- Ex has benefits for older cancer survivors who have chronic conditions
– Breast cancer survivors after 10 yrs of survival are more likely to die of _
CVD
Cancer - effect of Ex Training:
- Those who are more fit are better able to _
withstand the medical treatment
Ex Testing for Cancer Patients:
- _ method & CVD risk factor classification
Self-guided
Ex Testing for Cancer Patients:
- Comprehensive assessment of _: Senior fitness test; FITNESSGRAM; 6-min walk
HRPF
Ex Testing for Cancer Patients:
- _ testing is safe among breast cancer survivors
1-RM
Ex Programming for Cancer Patients:
- Survivors of cancers should avoid _ during & after treatment
inactivity
Ex Programming for Cancer Patients:
- For persons in active cancer treatment: use _ guideline
chronic disease
Ex Programming for Cancer Patients:
- For those in remission: use _ guideline
healthy individual
Ex Rx Considerations for Cancer Patients:
- _ progression may be needed compared to healthy adults
Slower
Ex Rx Considerations for Cancer Patients:
- Survivors who have completed treatment can _ exercise duration when tolerated
gradually increase
Ex Rx Considerations for Cancer Patients:
- If tolerated without _ of symptoms, Ex Rx is _ from healthy population
- adverse effects
- not different
Ex Rx Considerations for Cancer Patients:
- _ may be less reliable for monitoring aerobic ex intensity
HRr
Ex Rx Considerations for Cancer Patients:
- Survivors of _ cancers should consider beginning a _ resistance training program
- breast & gynecological
- Supervised
Ex Rx Considerations for Cancer Patients:
- _ exercise can be implemented even during active treatment
Flexibility
Ex Rx Considerations for Cancer Patients:
- _ per day rather than a single bout may be useful
Several short bouts
FITT for Individuals with cancer:
Aerobic
- Frequency
3-5 days/week
The appropriate FITT recommendations will vary across the cancer experience and requires _ of the Ex Rx
Individualization
FITT for Individuals with cancer:
Resistance Training
- Frequency
2-3 days/week
FITT for Individuals with cancer:
Flexibility
- Frequency
can occur daily
FITT for Individuals with cancer:
Intensity
increase intensity slowly for all physical activities
FITT for Individuals with cancer:
Intensity
- Educating survivors to use _ to monitor intensity
perceived exertion
FITT for Individuals with cancer:
Intensity
- If tolerated without adverse effects of symptoms ex intensity need _ from healthy populations
not differ
FITT for Individuals with cancer:
Time
- If tolerated without adverse effects of symptoms ex session duration need _ from healthy populations
no differ
FITT for Individuals with cancer:
Time
- _ rather than a single bout may be useful, particularly during active treatment
Several short bouts per day
CVD facts in the U.S.:
- _ leading cause of death
1st
CVD facts in the U.S.:
- About 630,000 Americans die of CVD every year— _ in every _ deaths
1 in every 4 deaths
CVD facts in the U.S.:
- CVD costs about _ each year
$207 billion
CVD facts in the U.S.:
- _ disease is the most common type of CVD, 370,000 death/yr
Coronary artery
CVD facts in the U.S.:
- Nearly 6 million Americans are living with _
heart failure
CVD facts in the U.S.:
- Someone has a _ in every 40s
heart attack
CVD key risk factors
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Smoking
Other CVD risk factors
- Physical inactivity
- Diabetes
- Overweight & obesity
- Alcohol use
- Poor diet
CVD key risk factors:
About_ have at least one of these three risk factors
half of Americans(49%)
CVD key risk factors:
Hypertension is more likely to develop _ disease, because hypertension puts added force against artery walls
- Over time, extra pressure damage the arteries, making them vulnerable to the narrowing and plaque buildup
coronary artery
CVD key risk factors:
If we take in more _ than the body can use, the extra will build up in arteries walls, including those of the heart
cholesterol
CVD key risk factors:
_ damage the heart and blood vessels, which increases risk for heart conditions such as atherosclerosis and heart attack
- Nicotine raises blood pressure
- carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen that blood can carry
Cigarette smoking (tar)
Major blood vessels (coronary arteries) that supply heart with blood, oxygen and nutrients become damaged or diseased
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary Artery Disease Pathophysiology:
- Too much _ builds up
- Arteries become _
- Decreased _ to heart
- Chronic condition
- plague (cholesterol deposits)
- narrow
- blood flow
Coronary Artery Disease symptoms
- Chest pain (angina)
- Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
- Heart attack happens when arteries are completed blocked
Heart attack pathophysiology:
- Occurs when artery supplying heart with blood and O2 becomes _
- Tissue loses O2 and dies
- Medical emergency
blocked
Heart attack symptoms
- Tightness or pain on chest, neck, back, or arms
- Fatigue & abnormal heart beat
- Heart may be damaged, be risk for another attack or other CVD conditions
- One of 5 heart attacks is silent—the damage is done, but the person is not aware of it
Heart failure pathophysiology:
- Heart cannot pump _
- Does not mean heart has stopped beating
- Chronic condition caused by CAD (weaken the heart muscle), diabetes, hypertension, tobacco, eating fat & sodium
enough blood and O2
Heart failure symptoms
- Dyspnea
- Fatigue & abnormal heart beat
- Swollen legs
A chronic condition in which the heart doesn’t pump blood as well as it should
Congestive heart failure
Swelling in the legs and ankles is caused by fluid accumulation in the body, which can be a sign of worsening _
- The fluid build-up is due to reduced blood flow out of the heart, causing blood returning to the heart through the veins to back up
heart failure
Ex Testing for CVD Patients:
- The test should be _
symptom-limited
Ex Testing for CVD Patients:
- Self-guided method, pre-screening, CVD risk factor classification—-_ risk
- Ex testing under _ is necessary
- High
- medical supervision
Ex Testing for CVD Patients:
- Comprehensive assessment of _: Senior fitness test; FITNESSGRAM
HRPF
Ex Testing for CVD Patients:
- Routine Ex risk assessment should be performed _ each Ex session: HR, BP, CVD symptoms, ECG if necessary
before, during, and after
Ex Testing for CVD Patients:
- Ex testing early (2–3 wk) after hospital discharge is useful in patients who suffered from _
heart attack
Effects of Ex Training on CVD:
Ex Training could improve CVD patients’ HRPF, functional capacity, symptoms, and life quality, because _
- Strengthen heart muscle
- Reduction of Atherosclerotic Risk Factors
- Lower blood pressure
- Increases levels of HDL cholesterol
- Fight against obesity, diabetes
- Burn off stress
- Sleep better
Effects of Ex Training on CVD:
important for both _ and _
inpatients and outpatients
Effects of Ex Training on CVD:
- Heart muscle becomes more _ throughout.
- This means heart pushes out more blood with each beat, allowing it to beat slower and keep blood pressure under control.
- When exercise regularly, body’s tissue (including the heart) does a better job of pulling O2 from blood.
- This allows heart to work better underintense activity
efficient and could better pump blood
Ex Programming for CVD patients:
- Avoid _ during & after treatment
inactivity
Ex Programming for CVD patients:
- _ guideline is recommended
– Be flexible
– Well tolerated
– Be safe
Chronic disease
Ex Programming for CVD patients:
- Optimal _ ratio
Ex to Rest
FITT recommendations for inpatient cancer programs
- Frequency
2-4 times per day for the first 3 days of hospital stay
FITT recommendations for inpatient cancer programs:
- The optimal dose of Ex for inpatients has _
- Patients should progress from self-care activities (e.g., sitting, toileting) to walking short-to moderate distances with minimal or no assistance three to four times per day to independent walk/move on the hospital unit
not been defined
FITT recommendations for inpatient cancer programs:
- Intensity
upper limit </= 120 beats/min
FITT recommendations for inpatient cancer programs:
- At hospital discharge, the patient should have _ regarding strenuous activities (e.g., heavy lifting, climbing stairs, yard work, household activities) that are permissible and those they should avoid
- Moreover, a safe, progressive plan of exercise should be formulated before leaving the hospital
specific instructions
FITT recommendations for inpatient cancer programs:
- Time
Begin with intermittent bouts of 3-5 min as tolerated
Goals for Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation
- Develop and assist the patient in implementing a safe and effective formal exercise and lifestyle physical activity program
- Provide appropriate supervision and monitoring to detect change in clinical status
- Provide ongoing surveillance to the patient’s health care providers in order to enhance medical management
- Return the patient to vocational and recreational activities or modify these activities based on the patients clinical status
- Provide patient and spouse/partner/family education to optimize secondary prevention through aggressive lifestyle management and judicious use of cardioprotective medications
FITT recommendations for outpatient cancer programs:
- Frequency
at least 3 days but preferably most days of the week
- should be done independently
FITT recommendations for outpatient cancer programs:
- Intensity
40-80% of exercise capacity
FITT recommendations for outpatient cancer programs:
- Intensity
– RPE of _
11-16
FITT recommendations for outpatient cancer programs:
- Intensity
– It is preferable for individuals to take their _ at their usual time as recommended by their health care provider
prescribed medications
FITT recommendations for outpatient cancer programs:
- Time
– Goal for duration is generally _ per session
20-60 min
FITT recommendations for outpatient cancer programs:
- Type`
Increased caloric expenditure for maintenance of a healthy body weight
FITT recommendations for outpatient cancer programs:
- Type
– Aerobic _ training
interval
FITT recommendations for outpatient cancer programs:
- Progression
should be individualized
FITT recommendations for outpatient cancer programs:
- Type
– _ is a type of surgery that improves blood flow to the heart. Surgeons use_ to treat people who have severe coronary heart disease
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
FITT recommendations for outpatient cancer programs:
- Increase loads by _ increments
5%
FITT recommendations for outpatient cancer programs:
- _ patients may progress to 8-12 repetitions with a resistance of 60-80% 1RM
Low-risk
FITT recommendations for outpatient cancer programs:
- Perform _ exercises of the major muscle groups
8-10
FITT recommendations for outpatient cancer programs:
- Frequency of _ days/week with at least 48h separating training sessions
2-3
Exercise Training Considerations:
- Multiple _ sessions may be considered as a starting point
shorter
Exercise Training Considerations:
- This may be as little as _ sessions or 10-20% per week
1-5 min
Exercise Training Considerations:
- _ involves alternating 3-4 min periods of exercise at 80-90% approx 40 min 3 times
High-intensity interval training (HITT)
