quiz 4 Flashcards
what are climate conference goals
- review …
- decide …
- prepare …, …, …
review evidence, decide course of action, prepare treaties, documents and agreements.
what is the UNEP, when was it established and after what declaration
after the stockholm declaration established in 1972, United nations environment programme.
the IPCC is a subgroup of
world meteorology organisation, intergovernmental panel on climate change.
how many IPCC reports have there been
6
UNFCCC stands for, how many countries have signed it
united nations framework convention on climate change. treaty signed by 154 countries in 1992.
COP
conference of the parties
2015 COP resulted in what agreement
Paris agreement
the kyoto protocol made countries … to reduce emissions
countries who were there were legally forced to reduce emissions
the US went against the kyoto protocol because
developing countries were not legally binded to it, so china was crazy
the paris agreement was legally binding (t/f)
false
how much money was encourgaed by nations under the paris agreement to green funding
100 million dollars
the montreal protocol was successful because… what it did stop by limiting what
it stopped the ozone hole damages by limiting aersols
what is the paris agreement?
legally binding international treated (UNFCCC) limits GW below 2˚C compared to pre industrial
what is the global stocktake
a chance for countries to see how they are going with the paris agreement
what are NDCs
nationally determined contributions, form basis for countries to meet PA
COP27 5 key takeaways:
- dedicated fund for
- maintaining intention of
- holding who accountable?
- financial support for …
- pivot towards
-dedicated fund for loss and damage
-maintaining intention to keep within 1.5˚C
- holding business and instituions to account
- financial support for developing countries
- pivot towards implementation
COP28 focus areas:
- helping …
- fast tracking …
- comprehensive transformation…
- inclusiveness of … voices
- helping most vulnerable communities
- fast tracking global transition
- comprehensive transformation of climate finance
- inclusiveness of the youth and indigenous voices
How many degrees of warming by 2100 with only policies and action only?
2.7˚C
how many degrees of warming by 2100 with only 2030 targets
2.4˚C
how many degrees of warming by 2100 with only pledges and targets
2˚C
how many degrees of warming by 2100 with optimistic scenario
1.8˚C
what is the target gap by 2030 to reach 1.5˚C - GtCO2e??
19-22 GtCO2e
is the world on track to finance mitigation and adaptation
an increase by 4% in 2020 and remains no where near the level sufficient
what 3 countries are critically insufficient at providing financial support for CC
- australia
- russia
- US
how much percentage methan is covered by GMP (global methane pledge)
56%
how much percentage methane is not covered by GMP
44%
in the US what happened with the paris agreement
biden joined the PA and launched national climate task force
Joe biden set goals:
%? reduction in GHG from 2005 levels
create … power sector by 2035
… economy by 2050
provided how much money to green climate fund
50-52% reduction in ghgs from 2005 levels, create pollution free power sector by 2035, net zero emissions economy by 2050 and provided $2 billion to green climate fund
european union pledged or set goals for:
reduced GHG by 55% by 2030 called the …
2030 targets were reductions by %?? GHG,% ? share for renewable energy and % ? improvement in energy efficiency
> fit for 55 - reducing GHG by 55% by 2030.
2030 targets - 40% GHG, 40% share for renewable energy and 32.5% improvement in energy efficiency.
China is the leader of GHG emissions with %?
30% global emissions
Is china the leading investor in renewable energy?
yes
what are chinas climate targets
- carbon neutral by
- reduce emissions per unit GDP by
- co2 emissions peak when
c02 emissions peak at 2030, carbon neutral 2060, reduce emissions per unit GDP by over 65% from 2005 levels by 2030
China’s 5 year plan includes:
- %? increase in renewable energy generation
- renewable electricity share %?? with %?? incremental consumption to come from …
50% increase in renewable energy generation, renewable electricity share 33% with 40% incremental consumption to come from renewables
Australia aims to
- %? cut below 2005 levels by 2030, and reduction to … by 2050
43% cut below 2005 levels by 2030, and reduction to net zero by 2050
what doesnt australias climate change bill do
doesnt include mechanism or funding to cut emissions from electricity, industry, transport, agriculture or other parts of the economy.
the fight over stopping new fossil fuel developments - the greens primary climate policy goal will continute independently of that
what are the stats for each state (aus) of renewable energy use
NSW - 50%
victoria - 50%
queensland - 30%
south australia - at least 50%
western australia - 80% below 2020 levels
ACT - 65
Australias (RWN) rewiring the nation by investing how much money to rebuild and modernise aus electricity network via RWN
investing $20 billion to rebuid and modernise australias electricity network via its RWN plan
the RWN will upgrade Australia’s energy grid to allow and grow the renewables share of the NEM to
- %? by 2030
- $?? in 400 community batteries
- $?? to deliver ?? solar banks for households
82% by 2030, investing $224 million in 400 community batteries and $102 million to deliver 85 solar banks for households
Australias national electric vehicle strategy encourages …
invests how much money to driving the nation fund
encourage rapid increase of EVs by making them accessible and affordable, establish and support the infrastructure of EV use and $500 million to driving the nation fund
the NRF (national reconstruction fund) focuses on building australias industrial base with how much money towards clean energy investment
up to $3 billion from the $15 billion NRF will be directed toward clean energy investment.
What are 3 top global primary energy consumption by source
Other, renewables and modern biofuels
what type of energy source was introduced in mid 1900’s and 1960s
natural gas then hydro power
has global energy consumption grown? and why?
yes because of population growth and affluence with 1-2% pa increase
how much energy consumption in Australia declined %?
0.1%
what is the average growth of energy consumption in aus %?
0.2% pa for 2010-2020
how much fossil fuels is accountable for energy mix in aus
92%
how much oil, coal, gas and renewables is used in aus
36.5%
27.5%
27%
8.9%
top three sectors in aus using energy
electricity, transport and manufacturing
what are the greatest imports in aus
refined products, crude oil
what are the greatest exports in aus
coal, natural gas and crude oil
who are the largest energy consumers in the world
the US, China and india
what countries are the largest energy consumers per person
iceland, norway, canada and the US
the richest countries produce largest amount of emissions, largest countries include:
China, india and US
90% of australia energy comes from what type of source
fossil fuels
Coal consumption in what country is increasing
china
how much did coal consumption increase in 2022 %
3.3% - 8.3 billion tones
what is the dominant source of energy for transport sector
oil
how much global primary energy came form low carbon sources
~16% with over 80% from fossil fuels
which countries get their energy from low carbon sources?
iceland, canada and brazil
what is the energy triangle
accessibility, equity and supply
how will energy transitions be enabled?
-… and … technology
- … frameworks
- market ….
information technology
smart technology
policy frameworks
market instruments
what are some mitigation strategies to reduce energy emissions
- transition from
- demand side … and improve …
- reducing non …
- deploying … removal methods to counterbalance …
transition from fossil fuels
demand side measures and improving efficiency
reducing non co2 emissions
deploying co2 removal methods to counterbalance residual GHG emissions
a net zero emission economy will require specific scenarios such as:
- expanded role for direct
- expansion of
- biomass as
- carbon … and …
- expanded role for direct electricity use
- expansion of hydrogen
- biomass used as bioenergy
- carbon capture and storage
what countries are the highest carbon intensity
kuwait, iran, russia where largest oil comes from
wind energy and solar energy have lower or higher cost than the reference
lower cost than the reference
photovoltaics and batteries for EV are reducing or rising in cost
reducing in cost
how much decrease in the unit cost of solar energy, wind energy and lithium ion batteries
- 85%
- 55%
- 85%
how much increase in deployment for solar and EV
10x for solar
100x for EV
who is leading in renewables
Europe
for electricity only how much does fossil input
63%
what electricity input has largest input (renewables)
hydropower
which industry is easier to decarbonise
transportation compared to industry
from the energy transitions comission, industry outputs how much emissions Gt?
12 Gt with 40% reduction by shifting economy
from the energy transitions comission, transport outputs how much emissions Gt?
8 Gt with 250% increase in heavy duty transport volume by 2050
what car companies are stopping development in this decade
VW and PSA
what does mitigation involve for energy transitions
reducing flow of heat trapping GHG into atmosphere or enhancing sinks that accumulate and store these gases
GHG have risen most importantly, which two gases
methane and net c02 from land use has risen
what sector is using 35 Gtc02/yr
fossil CO2
what sector uses 4Gtc02 per year
land use change
land use change emissions are
4.1 +/- 2.6 Gtc02 for 2011-2020 with negative trend
total global emission from fossil carbon
38 Gtc02 in 2022
percentage land use change
42% in 1960
what is the budget imbalance? (carbon sinks to storage)
3%wh
what is the largest carbon sink
the atmosphere with 18.6 Gtc02
what are c02 fluxes on land due to
atmospheric inversions
what was the land carbon sink between 2011-2020
11.2 Gtc02/year
what is the land carbon sink in 2020
10.7 Gtc02
the largest climate effect on sinks is in what climates
tropical and semi arid regions
the AFOLU sector accounted for what percentage of global anthro GHG emissions
13-21% of global anthro GHG emissions 2010-19
Are methane emissions increasing or decreasing and due to waht
increasing (4.2 +/- 1.3 Gtc02 per year) due to ruminant animals
nitrous oxide emissions are increasing by how much, dominated by what sector
1.8+/- 1.1 Gtc02 per year , manure from agriculture
Protection, improved management and
restoration of forests, wetlands, savannas and grasslands has potential to reduce emissions and/or sequester
7.3 GtCO2-eq p.a
Improved agricultural practices (soil carbon,
agroforestry, livestock and nutrient
management) has potential to mitigate
4.1
GtCO2-eq p.a
what is the mitigation potential for land stewardship (PgC02e)
23.8 PgC02e per year
what sector land use has greatest mitigation potentialt
forests
what are the agricultural stats for aus
how much does agriculture emit GHG, methane and no2
14% of agriculture towards GHG emissions
56% of methane emissions (25x c02 effect)
73% n02 (300x c02 effect)
over 30 years organic carbon sequestration may decline by
45-133%
what is geosequestration
carbon capture geologicallyh
how much does methane account to GHG emissions worldwide
20%
cutting methane emissions by ??% prevents ??˚C rise in average global temp
50%, 0.3˚C
how much solar renewable energy is generated
7000 TWh
how much hydropower is generated
4200 TWh
what is the total renewable energy in australia
462.4
what is the largest Australian electricity generation from renewable sources
bioenergy with 70,000 GWh
what is Australia’s largest renewable electricity generation
wind with 35.9%
largest solar power generators of the world
china, us and aus
solar PV in Aus generated how much of electricity
10%
is solar PV fastest growing electricity type
yes
what is Australia’s largest solar power plants
coleambally solar farm producing 150 MW
what does The Australian RET scheme encourage
the renewable electricity generation to reduce GHG emissions
Large scale RET =
incentivises to invest in renewable energy
small scale RET =
incentives to install rooftop solar
largest wind generators of the world:
the US and china
installed wind energy capacity is greatest in what country
germany
how much does wind energy power Aus electricity
> 9% generating >16GW capacity
largest wind farm in aus
Macarthur with 420 MW
hydropower in Aus has provided how much electricity
5-7%
how many hydroelectric power stations are there in aus
> 120
installed geothermal capacity is greatest in what countries
US, NZ and parts of south east asia
what 3 countries are largest at biofuel energy production
US, Brazil and Germany
how many Australian homes have home battery systems
> 34,700
what is the reduction in cost of electricity in solar PV
88%
