quiz 2 Flashcards
SST has increased by how much
0.88
SST increased 0.6˚C since
1980
SST likely to increase 0.86˚C under what scenario?
SSP1-2.6
SST likely to increase 2.89˚C under what scenario?
SSP5-8.5
Marine heatwaves have doubled since
1980s
Global oceans are rising how many cms?
4cm per year
GMSL rose 2.3mm per year since 1971-2018 and increased to ?? 2009-2018?
3.7mm per year
GMSL rising faster in the west than eastern pacific (T/F)
True
GMSL will rise by how much by 2050?
0.18m (SSP1-1.9), 0.23m (SSP5-8.5)
GMSL will rise by how much by 2100
0.38m (LC), 0.77m (HC)
Causes of the rising sea level
slow deep ocean circulation
marine ice sheets melting
warming of SST
Climate change observations require
homogenous data sets
long term data sets
quality control
Warmest year on record for australia was
2019
Since 1980, Australia’s temp has been
????
What are the strong trends in Australia’s climate?
Reduced rainfall in the south west and south east corners, and more rainfall in northern australia
Snow climate is trending in what way (australia)
Decreasing snowfall, depth and snowdays.
The EAC is
moving further south, making different species inhabit areas where they didnt before.
There are going to more MHW but less intense (T/F)
false, theres going to more frequent and intense MHWs
GMSL has risen how many cms since 1970
25cm
Global seas have taken how much energy %
91% of extra energy caused by enhanced GHGs
Average pH of water in Aus has increased or decreased
decreased by 0.12, making it slightly more acidic
Rate of decreasing ocean pH has accelerated 0.02 per decade, how much faster than 1900-1960 and last 300 million years
5x faster then 1900-1960 and 10x faster in last 300 million years
Northern Australia is trending
more rainfall, less TC more intense
Central Australia is trending
hotter, more intense rainfall
Southern Australia is trending
less mean rainfall in cooler seasons, increased droughts and aridity.
Eastern Australia is trending
more extreme rainfall events, less mean rainfall. more droughts
a small shift in climates makes a
big difference, 0.5˚C shifts global extremes
Annual coldest temps
are increasing globally, especially in Northern America, South America and across Europe and Asia
Land mean temp, annual hottest globally are
increasing, especially in Northern America, South America and across Europe
Largest increases at poles are of
Annual minimum temperature changes
El Nino and La Nina events have been
strongest since pre industrial
Variability last 50 years of ENSO
has been unusually high compared with average variability
El Nino events are likely to double (T/F)
True
What will occur in North America, Europe and Asia
Frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall and flooding will increase.
TC category 3-5 have
increased over the past 4 decades
MHW have increased frequency by how much
2x and more longest lasting, more intense and more extensive
likely that ??-??% of MHW that occurred between 2006-2015 are attributable to ??
84-90% caused by anthrogenic temp increase
Temperature extremes in Australia have recorded41 extremely hot days, 33 days nationally daily average over 39˚C. showing more heat waves less cold extremes (T/F)
True
heavy fainfall and flooding in Australia has increased by %
10%
SE Australia is expected to see more time in
drought, intense short duration rainfall events due to warmer atmosphere holding more water vapour
TC in Australia aree
decreasing but more intense
Fire season in Australia is
increasing due to decreased rainfall and increasing temps
Hottest day on earth was at
Penrith Jan 4 2019 50 something ˚C
Observed changes at species level are
changes in life cycles, pop sizes, distribution shifts, body size, genetic changes, behavioural changes and mortality
Generally species are moving
poleward and upwards with global estimates of ~6 to ~16km/decade
Snow gums are
Establishing higher elevations, invading subalpine grasslands.
Coral bleaching events where greatest in
1998, 2002, 2016-17, 2019-20 and 2022
More ocean acidification with a decline in calcification of
4.3 +/- 1.9% per year since 1970 > could be net dissolving by 2054
The gulf of Carp has had ??Ha of ?? forest loss due to MHW
7400 Ha of mangrove forest decline due to MHW
Most likely habitats likely to be at risk/
Montane areas, coastal fringe, low lying islands, cloud forests, regions of high endemicity and freshwater areas
Water on earth is found mostly where
96.5% global oceans
Of the remaining 3.5% of water, how much is freshwater?
2.5%
What are the largest stores of freshwater?
Glaciers and icesheets accounting to 68.77% and 30.1% groundwater
How many people find water scarce for at least 1 month per year?
2.7 billion :(
Inadequate sanitation is a problem for how many people?
2.4 billion :(
By 2025, ?? of worlds population may face water shortages
2/3 :(
How much water used to make shirts and jeans
2700 L for shirts
9800 L for jeans
Virtual water refers to
product not always being consumed in country of origin, exported to other countries creating global flow of virtual water.
How thirsty is our food? whats the top 3 foods needing most water?
Bovine, Nuts and Sheep/goat meat
Warmer atmosphere holds more water vapour and for every ˚C increase atmosphere temp, it can hold ??
6-7% more water vapour
Water use in Australia is divided
67% agricultural, 22% urban and 11% industrial
Surface water sources in Australia is
75%
Ground water source in Australia is
20%
Most severe droughts in Australia were
Federation drought (1895-1903)
WW2 (1939-1945)
Millennium (1997-2009)
2017-19
The andes and glaciers have lost how much ice
30-50% of ice since 1970s
Marine systems in Australia have warmed by ˚C
1˚C , SE warming most
Ocean pH is at 8.1 reducing to ?? at worst case scenario
7.65 pH :(
The ocean has taken up ??% of C02
30%
SLR caused by thermal expansion has accounted for ??%
50%
5 islands in Solomon islands have disappeared (T/F)
true
Solomon islands has risen 7-10mm per year since 1993 (T/F)
True
The pacific island fishing industry accounts to $7 billion (T/F)
False, $3 Billion
Mangrove accretion is ?? with sea level
reducing
mangroves cover how much land globally?
0.7-2.6%
Mangroves contribute ??% of emissions from deforestation
3-19%, nearly 10x a boreal forest.
