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2115 > quiz 2 > Flashcards

quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

SST has increased by how much

A

0.88

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2
Q

SST increased 0.6˚C since

A

1980

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3
Q

SST likely to increase 0.86˚C under what scenario?

A

SSP1-2.6

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4
Q

SST likely to increase 2.89˚C under what scenario?

A

SSP5-8.5

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5
Q

Marine heatwaves have doubled since

A

1980s

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6
Q

Global oceans are rising how many cms?

A

4cm per year

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7
Q

GMSL rose 2.3mm per year since 1971-2018 and increased to ?? 2009-2018?

A

3.7mm per year

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8
Q

GMSL rising faster in the west than eastern pacific (T/F)

A

True

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9
Q

GMSL will rise by how much by 2050?

A

0.18m (SSP1-1.9), 0.23m (SSP5-8.5)

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10
Q

GMSL will rise by how much by 2100

A

0.38m (LC), 0.77m (HC)

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11
Q

Causes of the rising sea level

A

slow deep ocean circulation
marine ice sheets melting
warming of SST

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12
Q

Climate change observations require

A

homogenous data sets
long term data sets
quality control

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13
Q

Warmest year on record for australia was

A

2019

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14
Q

Since 1980, Australia’s temp has been

A

????

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15
Q

What are the strong trends in Australia’s climate?

A

Reduced rainfall in the south west and south east corners, and more rainfall in northern australia

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16
Q

Snow climate is trending in what way (australia)

A

Decreasing snowfall, depth and snowdays.

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17
Q

The EAC is

A

moving further south, making different species inhabit areas where they didnt before.

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18
Q

There are going to more MHW but less intense (T/F)

A

false, theres going to more frequent and intense MHWs

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19
Q

GMSL has risen how many cms since 1970

A

25cm

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20
Q

Global seas have taken how much energy %

A

91% of extra energy caused by enhanced GHGs

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21
Q

Average pH of water in Aus has increased or decreased

A

decreased by 0.12, making it slightly more acidic

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22
Q

Rate of decreasing ocean pH has accelerated 0.02 per decade, how much faster than 1900-1960 and last 300 million years

A

5x faster then 1900-1960 and 10x faster in last 300 million years

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23
Q

Northern Australia is trending

A

more rainfall, less TC more intense

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24
Q

Central Australia is trending

A

hotter, more intense rainfall

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25
Q

Southern Australia is trending

A

less mean rainfall in cooler seasons, increased droughts and aridity.

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26
Q

Eastern Australia is trending

A

more extreme rainfall events, less mean rainfall. more droughts

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27
Q

a small shift in climates makes a

A

big difference, 0.5˚C shifts global extremes

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28
Q

Annual coldest temps

A

are increasing globally, especially in Northern America, South America and across Europe and Asia

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29
Q

Land mean temp, annual hottest globally are

A

increasing, especially in Northern America, South America and across Europe

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30
Q

Largest increases at poles are of

A

Annual minimum temperature changes

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31
Q

El Nino and La Nina events have been

A

strongest since pre industrial

32
Q

Variability last 50 years of ENSO

A

has been unusually high compared with average variability

33
Q

El Nino events are likely to double (T/F)

A

True

34
Q

What will occur in North America, Europe and Asia

A

Frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall and flooding will increase.

35
Q

TC category 3-5 have

A

increased over the past 4 decades

36
Q

MHW have increased frequency by how much

A

2x and more longest lasting, more intense and more extensive

37
Q

likely that ??-??% of MHW that occurred between 2006-2015 are attributable to ??

A

84-90% caused by anthrogenic temp increase

38
Q

Temperature extremes in Australia have recorded41 extremely hot days, 33 days nationally daily average over 39˚C. showing more heat waves less cold extremes (T/F)

A

True

39
Q

heavy fainfall and flooding in Australia has increased by %

A

10%

40
Q

SE Australia is expected to see more time in

A

drought, intense short duration rainfall events due to warmer atmosphere holding more water vapour

41
Q

TC in Australia aree

A

decreasing but more intense

42
Q

Fire season in Australia is

A

increasing due to decreased rainfall and increasing temps

43
Q

Hottest day on earth was at

A

Penrith Jan 4 2019 50 something ˚C

44
Q

Observed changes at species level are

A

changes in life cycles, pop sizes, distribution shifts, body size, genetic changes, behavioural changes and mortality

45
Q

Generally species are moving

A

poleward and upwards with global estimates of ~6 to ~16km/decade

46
Q

Snow gums are

A

Establishing higher elevations, invading subalpine grasslands.

47
Q

Coral bleaching events where greatest in

A

1998, 2002, 2016-17, 2019-20 and 2022

48
Q

More ocean acidification with a decline in calcification of

A

4.3 +/- 1.9% per year since 1970 > could be net dissolving by 2054

49
Q

The gulf of Carp has had ??Ha of ?? forest loss due to MHW

A

7400 Ha of mangrove forest decline due to MHW

50
Q

Most likely habitats likely to be at risk/

A

Montane areas, coastal fringe, low lying islands, cloud forests, regions of high endemicity and freshwater areas

51
Q

Water on earth is found mostly where

A

96.5% global oceans

52
Q

Of the remaining 3.5% of water, how much is freshwater?

A

2.5%

53
Q

What are the largest stores of freshwater?

A

Glaciers and icesheets accounting to 68.77% and 30.1% groundwater

54
Q

How many people find water scarce for at least 1 month per year?

A

2.7 billion :(

55
Q

Inadequate sanitation is a problem for how many people?

A

2.4 billion :(

56
Q

By 2025, ?? of worlds population may face water shortages

A

2/3 :(

57
Q

How much water used to make shirts and jeans

A

2700 L for shirts
9800 L for jeans

58
Q

Virtual water refers to

A

product not always being consumed in country of origin, exported to other countries creating global flow of virtual water.

59
Q

How thirsty is our food? whats the top 3 foods needing most water?

A

Bovine, Nuts and Sheep/goat meat

60
Q

Warmer atmosphere holds more water vapour and for every ˚C increase atmosphere temp, it can hold ??

A

6-7% more water vapour

61
Q

Water use in Australia is divided

A

67% agricultural, 22% urban and 11% industrial

62
Q

Surface water sources in Australia is

A

75%

63
Q

Ground water source in Australia is

A

20%

64
Q

Most severe droughts in Australia were

A

Federation drought (1895-1903)
WW2 (1939-1945)
Millennium (1997-2009)
2017-19

65
Q

The andes and glaciers have lost how much ice

A

30-50% of ice since 1970s

66
Q

Marine systems in Australia have warmed by ˚C

A

1˚C , SE warming most

67
Q

Ocean pH is at 8.1 reducing to ?? at worst case scenario

A

7.65 pH :(

68
Q

The ocean has taken up ??% of C02

A

30%

69
Q

SLR caused by thermal expansion has accounted for ??%

A

50%

70
Q

5 islands in Solomon islands have disappeared (T/F)

A

true

71
Q

Solomon islands has risen 7-10mm per year since 1993 (T/F)

A

True

72
Q

The pacific island fishing industry accounts to $7 billion (T/F)

A

False, $3 Billion

73
Q

Mangrove accretion is ?? with sea level

A

reducing

74
Q

mangroves cover how much land globally?

A

0.7-2.6%

75
Q

Mangroves contribute ??% of emissions from deforestation

A

3-19%, nearly 10x a boreal forest.

2115 (10 decks)

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