quiz 3 Flashcards
greater than ?? live in urban areas worldwide
> 50%
T/F projected >70% of human population will live in urban areas by 2050 (+2.5 billion people)
true
In australia greater than ?? live in urban areas
> 80%
urbanisation is occurring in less developed urban regions
more rapidly, compared to rural regions
Asia has how many proportion living in urban areas
89%
??,?? and?? are in place to ensure urban resilience
governance, financial and social systems
which SDG is aimed at sustainable urbanisation
SDG 11
climate impacts are felt unevenly in urban communities who are
socioeconomically disadvantaged
T/F from 1983 to 2016 india and asia had highest heat exposure
true
50-75% of human population could be exposed to
periods of life threatening conditions from extreme heat and humidity
cities in ?? latitudes will experience ?? effects in urban areas compared to rural
mid latitudes, double the effects
higher impacts of heat risks in
global south and coastal cities due to the urban heat island effect
the sendai framework outlines 7 global targets to be achieved by 2030. the substantial reductions include:
reduce global disaster mortality, number of affected people globally, direct economic loss in relation to GDP and disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services
the sendai framework outlines 7 global targets to be achieved by 2030. the substantial increases include:
increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reductions strategies, enhance international cooperation to developing of countries and increase the availability of and access to multi hazard early warning systems
heat risks have implications that effect
labour productivity (lower), higher levels of mortality with young children and elderly more vulnerable.
Western Sydney will experience 46 days per year over 35˚C by 2090 (T/F)
True
Management of heat risks through
greening, increasing shade, education and awareness
Grass cover has greater heat reductions than tree canopy cover (T/F)
false, vegetation cover lowers land surface by 6˚C
Flooding in european cities could increase by 10% for every ?? % increase in ?? surfaces
every 1% increase in impervious surfaces will increase flooding by 10%
Aus cities will have ?? x increase in coastal flooding due to ?? m SLR
100x increase with 0.5m SLR
the black summer fires resulted in
34 lives lost, >2700 homes affected, $4.5 billion economic loss and insurance >$1.9 billion.
over ?? deaths resulted from bushfire smoke
400 deaths
??/3 of cities worldwide may exhaust their ??? by 2050
1/3 cities worldwide exhaust water resources
how many people will be exposed to water scarcity under 1.5˚C warming
350 million more people
how many people will be exposed to water scarcity under 2˚C warming
410.7 million people
developed, industrialised countries have produced the majority ??
GHG emissions and have highest per capita emissions
per capita emissions:
Saudia Arabia =
US =
Canada =
Aus =
17.6
17.6
15.7
14.9
human vulnerability is influenced by
adaptive capacity of physical (built) structures, social processes and institutional structures
T/F existing vulnerabilities and inequalities intensify with adverse impacts of climate change
True
how many times increase is the observed average mortality from floods, droughts and storms?
15 x
Where are the most vulnerable countries/regions?
East, Central and West Africa
South Asia
Micronesia and Melansia
Central America
How many people live in countries classified as vulnerable?
3.3 billion people
How many people live in countries classified as low vulnerability?
1.8 billion people
How many people live in low and lower middle income countries?
3.6 billion people
Regions exposed to what risk? are countries that rely on agriculture, natural resource extraction and outdoor workers
Heat
What impacts affect poor people
- reduction in agricultural yield
- human health
- food security
- destruction of homes
- loss of income
Some factors that affect ability to cope with climate related disasters include:
income, gender, race, class, political representation and mobility
livelihoods of the poor are more at risk by processes such as:
urbanisation, industrialisation, technological transformation, monetisation of rural economies, increasing reliance on wages and inequality at national and international levels.
Hurricane Maria worst recorded disaster in history causing an economic loss of
25-43 billion USD and 200,000 people migrating from Puerto Rico
by 2018 how many disasters have caused displacement?
1518 disasters
Where are the most refuges and camps for displacement in the world?
Central and West Africa
by 2050, more than ?? million people could be forced to migrate within their countries
140 million
How many people displaced by 2050 in Latin America, Sub Saharan and South Asia?
17 million
86 million
40 million
There isn’t enough food produced to feed everyone? T/F
False, although there are 800 million people that go hungry
an increase of human hunger from 135 million (2019) to ?? (2022)
345 million
what percentage of population is at risk in Sub Saharan, South Asia and SE Asia.
80%
What are the 4 dimensions of food security?
Physical availability, economic and physical access, food utilisation and stability
Food needs to be
high quality, affordable and distributed reliably and fairly
Food systems are responsible for ?? of GHG emissions with ?? and ?? greatest impacts
1/3 of world GHG with methane and biodiversity loss impacts
Across SSP 1,2 and 3 crop and economic models projected a ?? increase in cereal price by 2050 because CC = higher prices
1-29%
low income consumers at most risk from food security. an increase of ???? million at risk of hunger
1-183 million people
Wheat will decrease where?
Central America and Africa
increased c02 will be beneficial for crop productivity and better nutritional value. T/F
False, it will make nutritional value worse
Wheat grown at 546-846 ppm C02 has how much less protein, zinc and iron?
5.9-12.7% less protein
3.7-6.5% less zinc
5.2-7.5% less iron
How many people will be affected by protein and zinc deficiency by 2050?
protein = 122 million
zinc = 175 million
What kind of practices can be used to advance adaptation of water scarcity?
Efficient use
less thirsty crops
improve soil health
what percentage of food loss and waste?
25-30%
during 2010-2016 global food loss and waste equalled?
8-10% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions and cost about 1 trillion USD in 2012
?? of food never reaches human stomach
30-50%
Australians waste how much food?
20%
Food security in Australia means
dairy farmers need to relocate to cooler temps, reduction in grain production, sugarcane production influenced by SLR and tropical adapted grass are more prevalent in Northern Australia due to higher temps.
An overall reduction of agriculture in Australia by ??%
17%
a 9-10% decline by 2030 and ??-??% by 2050 of wheat, beef, dairy, sugar.
13-19%
??% drop in irrigated agriculture by ?? in MDB dye to reduced runoff; at 550 ppm 20% and 450ppm 6%
92% drop
cropping zones in australia are
moving closer to coast
Crop yields in Aus will decline where?
SW.WA, SA, VIC and S NSW
reduced rainfall will affect ?? growing regions and headwaters of Murrumbidgee
Core rice
the MDB uses how much water and supports how many people
70% and 2 million people
MDB produces a 1/3 of ?? and 40% of ?? production
domestic food supply and agricultural production
the millenium drought was the
lowest water levels in MDB ever recorded
after millenium drought, what persisted for 2 years
increased acidification
Irrigated rice, cotton and wheat declined?
99%, 86% and 12%
the greater the hazard and vulnerability
the greater the impact
Exposure to heatwaves are increasing last decade with ?? and ?? affected most
China (older populations) and India (younger populations)
vulnerability wont be the same for different countries around the world due to the
differing aged populations
indirect impacts are
mediated through natural systems, allergens, diseases and increased water/air pollution
Malaria causes 220 million cases per year with
greater temps and precipitation
dengue causes ?? per year
50 million cases
humidity can cause diseases to
increase or decrease
what region has highest malaria cases?
Africa
Northern Australia has increasing or decreasing malaria
decreasing
> 10% of global GDP is accounted to what sector?
tourism
tourism provides 1 in ?? jobs
1 in 10
is tourism the largest movement of people and reliance on energy intensive modes of transport
yes
how much does tourism contribute to global emissions?
8%
how much tourism global emissions is predicted by 2030
16% (double)
world travel and toursim council have signed the UN climate natural now initiative which aims to reduce tourism impacts by
2050
Long haul flights contribute how much C02 per person
1489 - 1754 kg
Cruises contribute how much C02 per person
1100 - 1600 kg
Tourism in australia contributes ??% GDP
3.4%
Tourism in aus is the ?? most valuable exported contributing
2nd most valuable, >$60 billion to economy.
how much workforce is employed in tourism sector
5.2%
the GBR is worth ?? and provides
~$6 billion and provides 60-70,000 jobs
US winter sports community generates $62 billion annually and supports how many jobs
965,000 jobs
lower snowfall per year results in estimated how many less visits
15.2 million less skiers and $1.07 billion in lost potential revenue
Northern hemisphere has lost
> 1 million square km of spring snowpack since 1970
in aus, snow industry contributes how much money and jobs
> $2 billion pa and provides >20,000 jobs
CC shrinking snow season in aus by how many dats
80 days per year by 2050 and decrease depth by 80cm
annual carbon footprint for tourism increased ?? to ??
3.9 to 4.5 Gt C02
??% of aviation emissions are from air space
60%
What does reinsurance create?
economic stability, reducing volatility loses.
first insurance contract was in
1842 for a fire
the two largest insurers are
swiss re and munich re
What countries recorded costliest insurance industry events
germany, belgium, austria, luxemberg and china
c02 levels are at
410 ppm about 40% more than maximum experienced in last 800,000 years
australia is warming on average since 1900
~1.4˚C
a 1 in 50 year heatwave will occur roughyl every 6 years, 3-4 years and every year at
1.5˚, 2˚ and 4˚C
a 1 in 10 year daily rainfall event will be
10% heavier at 1.5˚C
14% heavier at 2˚C
30% at 4˚C
