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Host And Defense - Exam 2 > Quiz 3 - German - Intro To Immunology > Flashcards

Quiz 3 - German - Intro To Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 roles of the immune system?

A

Kill or control pathogens

Control disease

Repair tissue damage

Organ development

Maintain organ integrity and function

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2
Q

How do pathogens directly damage tissues? 3 ways.

A

Exotoxin production

Endotoxins

Direct cytoplasmic effect - Viruses

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3
Q

How do pathogens indirectly damage tissues?

A

Immune complexes

Anti-host antibody

Cell-mediated immunity

*Bystander tissue can be harmed during degranulation

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4
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

Pathogen-secreted toxin

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5
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

Toxic pathogen-component

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6
Q

What are 4 challenges that pathogens present to the immune system?

A

Form diversity

Life cycle diversity

Diverse routes of infection

Rapid, targeted response over a broad domain

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7
Q

T/F - Pathogens often infect multiple body compartments.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

What pathogen has a “comet” actin tail and also overwhelms the host’s nitric oxide production?

A

LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

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9
Q

Tell me 4 things about the innate immunity.

A

Rapid response (Hours)

Fixed

Limited number of specificities

Constant during response

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10
Q

Tell me 4 things about the adaptive immune response.

A

Slow response (days to weeks)

Variable

Numerous highly selective specificities

Improve during response

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11
Q

The innate and adaptive immune systems’ final goal is what?

A

Destruction of pathogens

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12
Q

________ ________ form the bridge b/t innate and adaptive immune responses.

A

Dendritic cells

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13
Q

What are 4 cells in the innate immune system?

A

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Basophil

Monocyte

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14
Q

What are 2 cells in the adaptive immunity?

A

B cell

T cell

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15
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Where immune cells originate and develop

  • Bone marrow
  • Thymus
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16
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Where adaptive immune responses are initiated
-Where naive and mature B and T cells reside

—Lymph nodes
—Spleen
—Lymphatic system
—Organ-specific lymph node-like tissues

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17
Q

Immune cells use the ___________ and __________ systems to reach tissues.

A

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

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18
Q

Mature lymphocytes route to get to tissues.

A

After maturity, sometimes 12-24 hrs in a lymph node, it will leave via the lymphatic system, drain into the heart via venous return, by pumped out of the heart into arteries and go to the tissue

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19
Q

What is lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid that drains into the lymphatic system

  • Cells
  • Pathogens
  • Waste
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20
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Large duct network

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21
Q

Is flow of lymph unidirectional?

A

YOU BET IT IS!

22
Q

How is the flow unidirectional?

A

Valves

Smooth muscle

Pressure gradient

Drains into the venous system

23
Q

T/F - Lymph nodes allow lymphocytes to browse drainage.

A

TRUE

24
Q

What is the generalized response to infection? 3 stages

A

Immediate innate (Most frequent, least specific)
-0-4hours
—Very minor tissue damage is repaired

Induced innate (Medium frequency, medium specificity)
-4 hours to 4 days
—Minor tissue damage soon repaired

Adaptive (Least frequent, most specific)
-4 days until pathogen defeated
—Major tissue damage is gradually repaired

25
Q

What are 3 things in the immediate innate system?

A

Barriers

Antimicrobial peptides

Complement

26
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A

Bacteria introduced, which activate resident effector cells to secrete cytokines

Vasodilation and increaed vascular permeability allow fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave blood and enter tissue

Infected tissue becomes inflamed, causing redness, heat, swelling, and pain

27
Q

What is the induced innate immune response?

A

Large reserves of neutrophils are stored in the bone marrow and are released when needed to fight infection

They travel to infected tissue where they engulf and kill bacteria

They then die in tissue Andre are engulfed and degraded by macrophages

28
Q

What are three primary antigen presenting cell types?

A

Dendritic cells

Macrophages

B lymphocytes

29
Q

What are antigens?

A

Small, components of bacterial proteins

30
Q

The adaptive immune response in a draining lymph node. What happens?

A

Pathogens interact with B and T cells in lymph nodes

These cells are activated - they drain out to vasculature - and go to injury site

*Body creates a lot of B and T cells

31
Q

Antigen presentation activates what?

A

Lymphocytes

32
Q

Antigen-receptor binding and co-stimulation of T cell by what?

A

Dendritic cell

33
Q

B cells and T cells have a lot of receptors, for what purpose?

A

To bind antigens and activate and go thru clonal selection.

34
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

The lymphocytes that most readily bind to the antigen presented, get a secondary signal from the dendritic cells and rapidly replicate.

35
Q

T and B cells have specific ______ to remember pathogens.

A

MEMORY

36
Q

T/F - Lymphocyte antigen specificity improves over time.

A

TRUE

37
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Kill pathogenic self cells and regulate the immune response

38
Q

CD8 T cells do what?

A

CYTOTOXIC

These will recognize complex of viral peptide with MHC Class I and kills infected cell

*Almost all cells in the body have MHC I

39
Q

What do CD4 T cells do?

A

They are REGULATORS

*They go on to activate B cells and they drive the innate immune system to become more active or resolve the activation of the innate system

**MHC Class II

40
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Produce antibodies

41
Q

What does an activated B cell do, generally?

A

Forms numerous plasma cells

*Can respond to large things like pathogens and small things like toxins

42
Q

T/F - B cells produce plasma cells.

A

TRUE

43
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Secrete antibodies

*Antibodies are targeted against a single antigen

44
Q

What is opsonization?

A

The coating of antibody on a pathogen

45
Q

Once opsonized, what happens to a pathogen?

A

Can be engulfed and degraded or trigger the complement system to kick in

46
Q

Innate immune response is what?

A

Inflammation

Complement activation

Phagocytosis and destruction of pathogen

*Happens immediately and can be days in it’s duration of response

47
Q

What is the adaptive immune response? (Hours to days)

A

Hours to Days

  • Interaction b/t antigen-presenting dendritic cells and antigen-specific T cells
  • Recognition of antigen
  • Adhesion
  • Co-stimulation
  • T-cell proliferation and differentiation
  • Activation of antigen-specific B cells
48
Q

What is the adaptive immune response? (Days to weeks)

A
  • Formation of effector and memory T cells
  • Interaction of T cells with B cells, formation of germinal centers
  • Formation of effect B cells (plasma cells*) and memory B cells
  • Production of antibody
49
Q

What is the adaptive immune response? (A few days to weeks)

A
  • Emigration of effector lymphocytes from peripheral lymphoid organs
  • Effector cells and antibodies eliminate the pathogen
50
Q

What is the adaptive immune response? (Days/wks- Lifetime)

A

Days to weeks - Lifetime

  • Maintenance of memory B cells and T cells
  • High serum or mucosal antibody levels
  • Protection against reinfection
51
Q

T/F - Immune response can be helpful and harmful.

A

TRUE

  • Positives: Protective immunity, organ acceptance, tolerant of self cells, tumor immunity
  • Negatives: Autoimmunity (Diabetes), organ transplant rejection, allergy to innocuous substances, cancer

Host And Defense - Exam 2 (16 decks)

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