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Host And Defense - Exam 2 > Exam 2 - German - T Cell Mediated Immunity > Flashcards

Exam 2 - German - T Cell Mediated Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Tell me, in general, what CD4 T cells do.

A

Enhance innate and adaptive immunity

Regulatory T cell arm

Targeted

Direct and indirect effector fxs - one iteration CAN kill directly

*BIND MHC II

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2
Q

Tell me, in general, about CD8 T cells.

A

Kills infected or diseased cells

Direct effector T cell arm

Targeted

Repeated activity until inhibited

*BINDS MHC 1

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3
Q

_______ ________ are the most common T cell activator.

A

Dendritic cells

*Must be activated

**Presentation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs - started by macropinocytosis

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4
Q

Tell me about dendritic cell maturation.

A

Immature DC encounters pathogens and are activated by PAMPs

TLR signals CCR7

CCR7 directs migration into lymphoid tissues - CCR7 binds CCL19 and CCL21

Now mature DC in T cell zone of lymph tissues primes naive T cells

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5
Q

The 3 different presenting cells migrate to different areas of the lymph node. Name them.

A

Dendritic cells - T cell areas

Macrophages - All over the node

B cells - B cell areas

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6
Q

T/F - DCs present antigen by MHC I and II

A

True

Cross-presentation is critical for CD8 T cell activation

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7
Q

What are the proteins involved in the immune synapse?

A

First bound thru low-affinity LFA-1 and ICAM-1 interaction

TCRs send signal to LFA-1

Signal causes a change in LFA-1 and increases affinity to prolong cell-cell contact

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8
Q

T/F - T cell activation req’s 3 signals.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

What are the 3 signals that T Cell Activation req’s?

A

T Cell Receptor (TCR)
-Activation signal

Co-Stimulatory molecules
-Survival signal

Cytokines
-Differentiation signal

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10
Q

Tell me about signal 1 - TCR - activation signal.

A
  • Peptide recognition
  • MHC I or II
  • CD4 or CD8
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11
Q

Tell me about signal 2 - Co-stimulatory molecules - survival signal.

A
  • B7 family (APC)
  • CD28 family (T cell)
  • B7-CD28 is REQUIRED for T cell activation
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12
Q

What do APCs do?

A

Deliver the three signals to naive T cells.

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13
Q

Tell me about signal 3 - Cytokines - differentiation signal.

A
  • Paracrine and autocrine
  • Propagation (IL-2)

-Differentiation with cytokines
—IL-2,4,6,12
—TGF-beta : T reg cell
—TGF-beta, IL-16,23 : T H 17

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14
Q

Naive T cell TCR activation (signal 1) in the ABSENCE of co-stimulation (signal 2 - B7) leads to _________. This is peripheral tolerance, and cytokine signaling (signal 3) would also be absent in this case. This is a checkpoint that halts auto-immunity.

A

ANERGY

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15
Q

CD 8 T cells differentiate into 2 things. Name them.

A

Effector cells or memory cells

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16
Q

CD 4 T cells can differ into 7 things. Name them.

A

Effector cells

Memory cells

Thelper - 1,2,17

TFH

Treg

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17
Q

After differentiation, what do T cells do?

A

Clonally expand

Change in surface protein expression

Migrate to target tissues

  • Lymph nodes
  • Site of infection or damage

Effector fxs

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18
Q

A CD4 T cell will have what two surface proteins always expressed?

A

CD4

TCR

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19
Q

IL-____ drives clonal expansion.

A

2

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20
Q

What is CTLA-4 and what does it do?

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4

It inhibits continued T cell activation and proliferation
-Binds B7 with more avidity than CD28 does and delivers inhibitory signals to T cells

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21
Q

_____ T cells are selective serial killers.

A

CD8

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22
Q

Tell me about CD8 fxs. 4 of them.

A

Do NOT die once effector fx is complete

Kill repeatedly

ONLY KILL CELLS EXPRESSING TARGETED PEPTIDE VIA MHC I

Can differ into effector or memory cells

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23
Q

What are the two ways to activate naive CD8 T cells?

A

Dendritic cells infected with some types of virus can activate a naive virus-specific T cell on their own
—IL-2 is the driver of CD8’s own proliferation and differentiation

Dendritic cells infected with some viruses need help to activate a naive virus-specific CD8 T cell
—IL-2 is that helper from CD4 and that drives proliferation and differentiation of CD8

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24
Q

T/F - CD8 T cells kill repeatedly, but specifically.

A

TRUE

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25
Q

T/F - There is NO secondary signal necessary for activated T cells to kill.

A

TRUE

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26
Q

What do CD8 T cells use to kill? 3 things

A

Perforin
-Aids in delivering contents of granules into cytoplasm of target cell

Granzymes
-Serine proteases - activate apoptosis once in cytoplasm of target cell

Granulysin
-Antimicrobial actions and can induce apoptosis

27
Q

Thelper 1 is cellular or humoral?

Thelper 2 is cellular or humoral?

A

TH1 - Cellular

TH2 - Humoral

28
Q

TH0 is what?

A

Naive CD4 T cell

29
Q

What induces CD4 T cell subtype differentiation?

A

Cytokines

30
Q

What are the different types of Thelper cells and their fxs? 5

A

TH1 - Activate MACROPHAGES

TH2 - Activate cellular and antibody response to PARASITES

TH17 - NEUTROPHILS

TFH - B CELL MATURATION

Treg - SUPPRESS EFFECTOR T CELLS

31
Q

TH1

Cytokines that induce differentiation

Characteristic cytokines

A

IL-12
IFN-gamma

IL-12
IFN-gamma

32
Q

TH2

Differentiation cytokines

Characteristic cytokines

A

IL-4

IL-4
IL-5

33
Q

TH17

Differentiation cytokines

Characteristic cytokines

A

IL-16
TGF-beta
IL-23

IL-17
IL-6

34
Q

TFH cells

Differentiation cytokines

Characteristic cytokines

A

IL-6
IL-21

IL-21

35
Q

Treg cells

Differentiation cytokines

Characteristic cytokines

A

TGF-beta

TGF-beta
IL-10

36
Q

What TLR responds to bacteria (LPS)?

A

TLR4 or TLR5

37
Q

What TLR-like receptor responds to fungi and what TLRs respond to fungi?

A

Dectin-1

TLR 2/6

38
Q

What TLR responds to helminths?

A

TLR 2/1

39
Q

What TLRs respond to viruses?

A

TLR 3, 7, 9

41
Q

Bacteria (LPS) -> TLR 4 or TLR 5 causes release of what IL and causes a naive T cell to differentiate into what?

A

IL-12

TH1

42
Q

Fungi -> Dectin-1 causes release of what IL and causes the naive T cell to differentiate into what?

A

IL-6 and IL-23

TH17

43
Q

Fungi -> TLR 2/6 causes release of what IL and causes naive T cell to differentiate into what?

A

IL-10, RA, TGF-beta

Treg

44
Q

CD8 effector cytokines and cytotoxins?

A

Cytokines: IFN-gamma, LT, IL-2

Cytotoxins: Perforin, granzymes, granulysin, serglycin

45
Q

TH1 effector cytokines and fx?

A 
IFN-gamma
GM-CSF
TNF-alpha
LT
IL-2

Help macrophages to suppress intracellular infections

46
Q

TH2 effector cytokines and their fx?

A

IL-4,5,10,13
TGF-beta

PARASITE assistance
-Basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, B cells

47
Q

TFH effector cytokines and their fx?

A

IL-4, 21

IFN-gamma

48
Q

TH17 effector cytokines and their fx?

A

IL-17,21,22,26

FUNGAL and BACTERIAL infections

49
Q

Treg effector cytokines and their fx?

A

IL-10,35
TGF-beta

Suppress effector T cells

50
Q

What TH cell activates macrophages?

A

TH1

51
Q

What do activated macrophages do?

A

Express co-signaling ligands

Kill intracellular pathogens

Release cytokines and antimicrobial effectors

Present antigen

52
Q

What do TH1 cells form when pathogens cannot be cleared?

A

GRANULOMAS

-A compact aggregate of leukocytes that sequester a pathogen
—Pyogenic granulomas are NOT true granulomas

53
Q

Which TH cells regulate mucosal inflammation?

A

TH17 and Treg

54
Q

What do Treg cells do?

A

Suppress other T cells

  • Stops adaptive immune response
  • PREVENTS AUTOIMMUNITY
55
Q

What TH cells activate B cells and induce class switching?

A

TFH (Follicular helper T cells)

56
Q

What TH cell promotes tissue protection and repair?

A

TH2

-LARGE EXTRAcellular infections

57
Q

What do TH1 cytokines do, in general?

A

Enhance the induced innate response

58
Q

IFN-gamma and CD40 do what?

A

Activates macrophage to destroy engulfed bacteria

59
Q

Fas ligand or LT-beta do what?

A

Kills chronically infected cells

-Release bacteria to be destroyed by fresh macrophages

60
Q

IL-2 does what?

A

Induces T cell proliferation which increases numbers of effector cells

61
Q

IL-3 and GM-CSF do what?

A

Induces macrophage differentiation in the bone marrow

62
Q

What do TNF-alpha and LT-alpha do?

A

Activates endothelium to induce macrophage binding and extravasate

63
Q

What does CXCL2 do?

A

Direct macrophages to accumulate at site of infection

64
Q

Helminth -> TLR 2/1 causes release of what IL and causes naive T cell to differentiate into what?

A

IL-10

TH2

Host And Defense - Exam 2 (16 decks)

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