Quiz 3 Flashcards
ESPeN
Economic, Society, Political, Environmental
HELA Cells
Henrietta Last, first cells to be grown In Vitro and used for scientific research
Informed consent
the permission received from individuals to use their tissue or perform a procedure on them, and making sure they fully understand what it is they are agreeing to allow the doctors to do
Bioethics
the moral principles that guide biological research and how these principles are upheld in the field of medicine
simply, they are rules and regulations
legal precedent
ethical precedent set by supreme court to become legal precedent
any ownership of your tissues is forfeited the second it is removed from your body
morals
principles or habits with respect to right or wrong conduct. While morals also prescribe dos and don’ts, morality is ultimately a personal compass of right and wrong. comes from an internal source, we do it because we believe in something being right or wrong
Ethics
rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular clas of human actions or a particular group or culture. comes from a social system or an external source, we do it because society says it is the right thing to do
morality
transcends cultural norms, but cannot be relied upon to govern society because they are not objective
1827: early researchw
scientists first learn that the female body contains eggs, called ova
1843
scientists discover that conception takes place when a sperm from the male reproductive system enters an ovum
1855
The woman’s hospital opens in New York. chief doctor, Marion Sims, thinks infertility can be cured through gynecological surgery. Artificial insemination
1873
the book Sex in Education, written by Harvard doctor Edward Clark, argues that having a college education contributes to sterility among young women
1884: Artificial Insemination
William Pancoast treats a couple’s infertility by injecting sperm from a medical student into the woman while she is under anesthesia; she gives birth to a boy nine months later
1934
Harvard scientist Gregory Pincus conducts IVF experiments involving rabbits that suggest similar fertilization is possible in humans. Pincus is denounced for his work, and Harvard denies him tenure
1949
Pope Pius XII condemns any fertilization of human eggs outside the body, declaring that those who do so “take the Lord’s work into their own hands.” Despite Catholic church resistance, the number of infertility clinics in the US soars in the postwar era.
December 13, 1954: a step back for science
an Illinois court rules that babies conceived through artificial insemination by donor (AID) are legally illegitimate. Most other states reject this conclusion. by 1960, some 50,000 babies have been born as a result of AID
July 25, 1968
Pope Paul VI issues a papal encyclical called Humanae Vitae (of Human Life) that forbids Catholics from using contraceptives like the pill for birth control. Although IVF is not mentioned, the logic of Humanae Vitae, which requires the linkage of intercourse and procreation, would seem to forbid external fertilization as well
1969
a harris poll shows that a majority of Americans believe techniques like IVF are “against God’s will”
Edwards and Steptoe publish the results of their successful IVF experiments in the journal of nature they have not yet attempted implantation of fertilized eggs back into a woman
November 1, 1976
twenty nine year old former cheese factory worker Lesley Brown and her husband John meet with Steptoe. Lesley has blocked fallopian tubes, and steptoe, treading lightly on details, proposes IVF as a solution. the browns agree
1978: the first test tube baby
after discovering that theirs will be the world’s first test tube baby and becoming subjects of a media frenzy, the browns attempt to quell the chaos by selling rights to the story to a British tabloid for a reported half a million dollars
2004
IVF has become a mainstream medical technology, albeit one reserved mostly for patients who can afford the expensive treatments.
each IVF cycle costs 12,000 dollars on average. chance for a baby is 1/3
ART
Assisted Reproductive Technnology
ART umbrella
first is IVF, below IVF is PGD and ICSI
PGD
pre implantation genetic diagnosis
examination of embryos for genetic traits linked to a single gene. these embryos can then be selected
ICSI
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
an IVF procedure in which a single sperm is injected directly into an ovum. used as a response to genetic problems with sperm
PGD allows doctors to change the genetics within an embryo (T/F)
False
the hummingbird effect
technology like a hummingbird goes around from place to place, we don’t know exactly where the technology will go or who it will effect
digital babies
matching up DNA with different partners who see who would be a good match
two things that regulation does
limits access to technology
controls “actual uses” not intended uses
economic privilege
should individuals using IVF be required to prove they can meet an economic baseline? example - octomom
three groups of unintended consequences
unexpected benefit, unexpected drawback, perverse result
unexpected benefit
a positive, unexpected benefit (also referred to as luck, serendipity or a windfall)
example: PGD is an unexpected benefit of IVF
unexpected drawback
a negative, unexpected detriment occurring in addition to the desired effect
example: mortality rates aren’t great on top of the benefit of giving birth
perverse result
a perverse effect contrary to what was originally intended (when an intended soluiton makes a problem worse) referred to as backfire or syfy stuff.
