Quiz 2 Flashcards
Cells in the body
body contains between 10-40 trillion cells, 100 trillion in your gut, a quadrillion viruses living on body, body loses around 50 million cells everyday
where is the DNA located?
nucleus
nucleus
contains the instructions for the function of the organism
central dogma of DNA
DNA (the boss) –> RNA (the messenger) –> Protein (gets it done)
chromosome
DNA wrapped around proteins and compacted into structures called chromosomes
humans have 2 sets of 23
Steps to create protein
nucleus, DNA, RNA, copies put into cytoplasm, ribosomes catch RNA copies, ribosomes create protein
phenotype
any traits that we can see, hear, smell, taste, touch
genotype
specific sequences read along the strand of DNA
What is DNA made of?
letters (A, G, T, C), letters make words, words make sentences
protein
enable a cell to perform special functions, such as working with other groups of cells to make hearing possible
heterosis and hybrid vigor (mut phenomenon)
organisms that have a frequent “shuffling” of fresh genetic material can find advantages due to increased immunity, better growth rates, higher birth rates, and are less likely to suffer genetic disorders
one gene does not equal one trait (T/F)
True, many genes work together to specify a trait
four key elements common to almost all genetic engineering procedures
identify the gene, connect it with a promoter sequence to tell the gene when to work, mark the cells that contain the new gene, deliver the DNA to the new organism
bacteria and viruses used to insert in embryotic stage
E.coli Bacteria - R-DNA or recombinant DNA
Viral Vector, common virus: cold sore, herpes simplex 1
genetically modified bacteria or r-DNA tech
E.coli used to produce ‘human insulin’, Bt corn or round up ready corn, chymosin (cheddar cheese), golden rice, blood clotting factor VIII, Hepatitis B vaccinations, HIV diagnosis, hGh, essential for normal growth
gene therapy
using DNA that encodes a functional, therapeutic gene to replace a mutated gene
modern biotechnology
key developments: transgenesis vs. cisgenesis, DNA profiling, DNA cloning, Genome analysis, stem cell and tissue engineering, xenotransplantation
transgenesis
manipulating the DNA code
cisgenesis
can only work within organism/species
xenotransplantation
can we alter an animal to trick a patient’s immune system into accepting it as a part of the body?
risk assessment equation
threat/hazard + assets at risk + vulnerabilities = outcomes
these help to determine actual risk
threat/hazard example
fire hazard
asset at risk example
consumer/animals, adult/child, other non-GMO farms, environment (big and small)
vulnerabilities example
allow us to look at whether there is a greater threat of one asset over another asset
sustainability ven diagram
big three: social, environment, economic
sub categories: bearable (social and environment), equitable (social and economic), viable (environment and economic)
risk perception
prone to change based on the type of risk, not actual probabilities, a social phenomenon, more information won’t make people more rational, we don’t like statistics
metaanalysis
research paper that combines other research papers
sustainable development
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
high tech development
GMOs
low tech development
Insect based diets
benefits of insect based diets
easy to farm and breed, use limited resources, readily available
limitations to insect based diets
societal, no one wants to eat insects
mitosis
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus
meiosis
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
somatic cell
any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells
telomere
compound structure at the end of a chromosome
zygote
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes, a fertilized ovum
mutation
the changing of the structure of a gene
Norman E. Borlaug
contributed to extensive increase in agricultural production called the green revolution, credited with saving over a billion people worldwide from starvation
five f’s of agriculture
farm, food, fabric, flowers, forestry
implicit bias
unconscious, understanding, actions, and decisions
seven cognitive (learned) biases
confirmation, ingroup, gambler’s fallacy, neglecting probability, status-quo, negativity, projection
confirmation bias
we love to agree with people who agree with us
ingroup bias
overestimate the abilities and values of our immediate group
gambler’s fallacy
put a tremendous amount of weight on previous events, believing it will influence future outcomes
neglecting probability
real vs. perceived statistical risk
status-quo bias
fear of change, fuels conservative tendencies and routines
negativity bias
negative information is more important
projection bias
overestimate how typical and normal we are, we assume that consensus exists when there may be none
