Quiz 2 Flashcards
Cells in the body
body contains between 10-40 trillion cells, 100 trillion in your gut, a quadrillion viruses living on body, body loses around 50 million cells everyday
where is the DNA located?
nucleus
nucleus
contains the instructions for the function of the organism
central dogma of DNA
DNA (the boss) –> RNA (the messenger) –> Protein (gets it done)
chromosome
DNA wrapped around proteins and compacted into structures called chromosomes
humans have 2 sets of 23
Steps to create protein
nucleus, DNA, RNA, copies put into cytoplasm, ribosomes catch RNA copies, ribosomes create protein
phenotype
any traits that we can see, hear, smell, taste, touch
genotype
specific sequences read along the strand of DNA
What is DNA made of?
letters (A, G, T, C), letters make words, words make sentences
protein
enable a cell to perform special functions, such as working with other groups of cells to make hearing possible
heterosis and hybrid vigor (mut phenomenon)
organisms that have a frequent “shuffling” of fresh genetic material can find advantages due to increased immunity, better growth rates, higher birth rates, and are less likely to suffer genetic disorders
one gene does not equal one trait (T/F)
True, many genes work together to specify a trait
four key elements common to almost all genetic engineering procedures
identify the gene, connect it with a promoter sequence to tell the gene when to work, mark the cells that contain the new gene, deliver the DNA to the new organism
bacteria and viruses used to insert in embryotic stage
E.coli Bacteria - R-DNA or recombinant DNA
Viral Vector, common virus: cold sore, herpes simplex 1
genetically modified bacteria or r-DNA tech
E.coli used to produce ‘human insulin’, Bt corn or round up ready corn, chymosin (cheddar cheese), golden rice, blood clotting factor VIII, Hepatitis B vaccinations, HIV diagnosis, hGh, essential for normal growth
gene therapy
using DNA that encodes a functional, therapeutic gene to replace a mutated gene
modern biotechnology
key developments: transgenesis vs. cisgenesis, DNA profiling, DNA cloning, Genome analysis, stem cell and tissue engineering, xenotransplantation
transgenesis
manipulating the DNA code
cisgenesis
can only work within organism/species
xenotransplantation
can we alter an animal to trick a patient’s immune system into accepting it as a part of the body?
risk assessment equation
threat/hazard + assets at risk + vulnerabilities = outcomes
these help to determine actual risk
threat/hazard example
fire hazard
asset at risk example
consumer/animals, adult/child, other non-GMO farms, environment (big and small)
vulnerabilities example
allow us to look at whether there is a greater threat of one asset over another asset
